个体化概念辨析

个体化过程是当代儿童青少年发展与教育研究中的重要课题。然而,由于该研究领域处于持续发展变化之中,目前研究者关于个体化概念的看法存在着诸多分歧。文章从个体化理论及概念涵义的发展、个体化测量及操作性定义的发展两个角度对目前研究中的个体化概念进行了分析和总结,在此基础上对现有概念进行了整合：个体化是个体在认知与情感等领域中,在逐渐形成亲子联结的新形式的同时,不断发展独立自主品质的过程。文章还对个体化与相关概念之间的关系进行了辨析。     

关于儿童依恋影响因素的研究述评

依恋行为系统存在于婴儿与主要抚养者(通常是指母亲)之间的,是婴儿寻求与母亲保持亲密联系的行为倾向,是母婴之间一种积极的、充满深情的情感联结。依恋是儿童早期生活中最重要的社会关系,也是个体社会性发展的开端和组成部分。研究表明．早期安全的依恋关系不仅有利于儿童身心的健康发展以及社会化的顺利进行,而且直接影响个体成长过程中的人格完善。基于依恋对个体发展的重要意义,心理学家已经进行了大量的相关研究,从中发现了影响儿童依恋性质的诸多因素,主要有父母、儿童自身以及家庭系统三方面。     

无望抑郁认知易感操作化方法及其研究述评

合成分数、基于最弱联结假设提出的最大值以及基于解释方式差异性提出的个体内标准差是目前无望抑郁研究中应用较广的认知易感操作化方法.回顾无望抑郁研究所使用的认知易感操作化方法,梳理这些操作化方法对理解无望抑郁症状发展及其治疗的意义,可发现合成分数与最大值反映了无望抑郁认知易感因子之间关系的不同侧面,后续研究可继续对这两种操作化方法进行比较,以个体内标准差计算出的解释弹性可能是无望抑郁理论之外新的易感因素,可为治疗抑郁提供新的视角.     

组织中的高质量联结

组织中的高质量联结(HQC)指工作中短期的积极互动关系。它能使交往双方体验到活力、积极关照与相互交融, 并具有高情感承载力、关系张力与联结力三个特征。目前, HQC已成为积极组织行为学关注的热点问题之一, 它不仅对个体生理健康、工作态度、学习行为具有积极影响, 还能通过组织过程、高管团队的决策与张力、团队创新力作用于组织。而认知、情感和行为机制是构建与强化HQC的重要方法。未来HQC研究需要对其影响因素、构建与强化机制间关系做进一步讨论。     

马克思生态文明思想的伦理之善

马克思生态文明思想强调人与自然之间不是对立的主仆关系,而是相互依赖、相互依存的辩证统一关系.在伦理层面,主张要承认自然的伦理尊严,摒弃人为自然立法的思想传统,实现人为天地立德,伦理之善的完成必须依赖人与自然和谐统一、和谐共生的命运共同体的构建.进而,化解人与自然的道德冲突与疏离,这不仅需要满怀友爱大爱的生态道德情感,还需要变革人与自然之间物质交换的方式以及与之联系的整个社会制度,实现人与自然的全面和解.这不仅是马克思实现人与自然和谐发展的终极伦理关怀,更是他们为人类构建的生态伦理的至善图景.     

他人知觉的个体构念动态交互模型

他人知觉的个体构念动态交互模型关注在感知他人时不同信息加工水平之间的互动模式,主张低阶加工(如对面孔、声音和肢体运动线索的加工)、类别化加工、刻板印象激活与高阶认知加工之间的交互作用所形成的动态系统对他人知觉起着调控作用。该动态系统包含提示水平、类别水平、刻板印象水平和高阶水平。由于各加工水平之间的交互作用,这一动态系统在神经网络、加工水平以及加工时间维度上形成了一个具有动态建构特征的循环联结网络,该网络对他人知觉产生动态交互效应。正是这种动态交互效应使得他人印象在个体构念中变得有意义、有秩序和可预测。未来研究应从社会文化与情境互动模式出发,利用内隐社会认知测量与认知神经科学方法,进一步探测个体构念动态交互效应的认知神经基础和社会动因,为他人知觉个体构念的动态建构提供更为坚实的理论与实证依据。     

施动感双层结构的发展

施动感是个体在自主运动过程中对自身行为产生的主体性体验,揭示其发展过程对了解自我意识的形成具有重要意义。三阶段模式全面概括了施动感的发展过程。婴儿形成动作预测、建立动作-效果联结以及与养育者良好的人际互动对施动感的发展起着重要作用。未来施动感发展研究应从多种施动感生成理论出发,改进婴幼儿施动感的测量范式,探索施动感发展与社会认知发展、自闭症症状的关联。     

创造力与注意模式之间的关系

创造力可以看成是先前无关的心理成分之间的联结。注意作为一种基本的心理功能,影响着个体心理成分之间产生远距离联系的可能性以及对已形成的联系做出新颖性的选择。文章分析了,有关创造力与注意摸式之间关系的研究,分别阐述了去焦注意和集中注意这两种不同的注意分配模式在创造性观念或想法的产生和形成中的作用,     

儿童青少年认知能力发展与脑发育

自发展认知神经科学兴起以来, 研究者就开始借助MRI等脑成像技术探讨儿童青少年认知能力发展与大脑结构发育和功能特点等之间的关系, 这为揭示行为发展与生理成熟之间的关系、儿童认知发展的神经活动规律、正常和障碍群体的独特大脑神经结构及活动特点等提供了重要启示。通过对有关儿童青少年智力、工作记忆、反应抑制等认知能力发展与大脑结构发育、大脑功能发育之间关系, 以及认知能力训练与大脑可塑性等研究的介绍, 指出发展认知神经科学的未来研究应重视采用纵向设计, 关注自然成熟和经验对正常或障碍儿童青少年认知发展与脑发育关系的交互影响, 同时从练习和训练的角度对大脑可塑性的特点进行探讨。     

员工正念对配偶家庭满意度和工作投入的影响

文章基于资源保存理论, 采用体验抽样法收集了一家商业银行114名员工及其配偶的数据。结果表明, 在个体内层面, 员工正念通过员工情感联结策略的中介作用影响其配偶家庭满意度及第二天早上工作投入; 在个体间层面的配偶家庭负面情感表达调节了员工正念与员工情感联结策略的关系及员工情感联结策略的中介作用, 即配偶家庭负面情感表达水平越高, 员工正念对员工情感联结策略的影响及员工情感联结策略的中介作用相对更弱。     

Spirituality and Well-Being in Old Age: Exploring the Dimensions of Spirituality in Relation to Late-Life Functioning

A growing body of research connects spirituality with positive late-life functioning. In this research, spirituality is often approached as a single measure in relation to well-being, neglecting its complex nature. Therefore, this study explores whether different dimensions of spirituality contribute uniquely to psychological well-being in advanced age. Results indicated that well-being was positively predicted by spirituality experienced through connectedness with the transcendent and through connectedness with others. Spirituality experienced through connectedness with nature did not predict well-being. These findings highlight the unique influence of each spirituality dimension on well-being as well as the need for a multidimensional approach.     

Nature connectedness: Associations with well-being and mindfulness

Wilson’s (1984)biophilia hypothesis predicts that people’s psychological health is associated with their relationship to nature. Two studies examined associations among nature connectedness, well-being, and mindfulness in samples of undergraduate students while socially desirable responding was controlled. Significant associations emerged among measures of nature connectedness and indices of well-being (in Study 1 and Study 2) and mindfulness (in Study 2). Results are discussed in relation to possible mediators and moderators of the association between nature connectedness and mental health.     

Meaning in Nature: Meaning in Life as a Mediator of the Relationship Between Nature Connectedness and Well-Being

Research has established nature connectedness as a reliable correlate of well-being. In the current research, we examined whether meaning in life mediated the association between nature connectedness and well-being. In Study 1, 311 undergraduates completed multiple measures of nature connectedness, multiple measures of meaning in life, and multiple measures of well-being. Mediational analyses revealed that meaning in life fully mediated the association between nature connectedness and well-being. In Study 2, we examined whether mediation of the association between nature connectedness and well-being by meaning in life could be demonstrated alongside a previously documented mediation of the association between religiousness and well-being by meaning in life. Undergraduates (N = 227) completed measures of nature connectedness, religiousness, meaning in life, and well-being. Mediational analyses revealed that meaning in life fully mediated both the association between nature connectedness and well-being and the association between religiousness and well-being.     

青少年自主-联结的发展及其与社会适应的关系研究

青春期是个体自主和联结的发展变化最为显著、最为突出的阶段。研究对424名中学生自主和联结的发展状况及其社会适应进行了调查,结果表明：（1）青少年具有高自治高联结、低自主低联结及个体化型三类不同的自主-联结发展水平;（2）三种类别随年龄增长呈现各自不同的发展态势,同时男生在三种类型上人数分布相对较为均衡,女生则较多属于高自治高联结类型;（3）高自治高联结者的社会适应和学业成绩最为理想。     

我国西南少数民族心理研究的基本状况

西南少数民族心理研究是我国民族心理学的重要部分。20世纪80年代以来, 西南少数民族研究主要集中在儿童认知、智力发展、人格、价值观和品格等方面, 并取得了一些具有代表性的成果。目前, 西南少数民族心理研究主要有几个特点：(1)研究取样主要是青少年和学生; (2)研究取向主要是民族心理的发展; (3)民族心理研究大多与教育研究相联系; (4)民族心理研究的研究方法的科学性有待增强; (5)民族心理研究的核心是民族文化, 民族心理研究应该深入民族生活中去考察民族习俗; (6)民族心理研究多将民族和民族文化作为实验中一个变量, 对民族心理本质问题的重视程度不够。     

Connectedness and its consequences: a study of relationships with the natural environment

Recent interest in people's engagement with the natural environment has resulted in a series of empirical measures and important research findings. Two studies reported here complement this literature in producing a concise measure of connectedness to the natural environment and assessing its independent predictive impact within the structure of the theory of planned behavior. In Study 1 (n = 71), new measures of connectedness and caring were constructed; in Study 2 (n = 163), the connectedness measure was shown to be an independent predictor of people's intentions to reduce personal energy consumption levels. It is suggested that the measure of connectedness may capture some identity‐related and/or affective experience that impacts (independently of more cognitive predictors) upon people's motivation in this domain.     

Using interactive computing to expand intelligence testing: A critique and prospectus

Microcomputers can serve as automated testing stations for use in psychometric assessment. There are economic advantages in conducting aptitude and intelligence testing with such stations. It is possible to improve the quality of cognitive assessment by extending the range of cognitive abilities to be assessed? Two types of extension are considered; modifying and expanding testing procedures for psychological functions that are components of conventional tests, and the extension oof testing to psychological functions not generally assessed by conventional intelligence or aptitude tests. Computerized presentations will make relatively little difference in our ways of testing verbal comprehension. Computer controlled testing could well extend the ways in which we evaluate spatial-visual reasoning and memory. The impact of testing on the evaluation of reasoning is unclear. Computer-controlled item presentation makes it possible to conceive of tests of learning and attention, neither of which are evaluated in most psychometric programs today. The psychological nature of the abilities being assessed raises problems in assessment that are not addressed by the fact oof computer-control. Some research questions are identified that ought to be explored before testing is extended into these fields. Computer-controlled evaluation could be extended to the assessment of criterion performance, either in the normal working situation or in a simulation of the workplace. While evaluation of this sort does raise social questions, it clearly presents an opportunity to obtain validation data for psychological assessment studies.     

文化视域下认知心理学范式演进探新

认知科学的发展历程经历了符号范式、联结主范式和具身认知范式的演变。认知心理学范式演变折射出认知心理学研究方式转变和对人的心智探索的深化,同时也反映出关于身心关系实现了从传统的身心二元对立到当下身心一体论的超越;对其文化反思是引领心理学从离身认知到具身认知进程更趋合理化的基础。     

Change occurs when body meets environment: A review of the embodied nature of development

The purpose of this paper is to outline the challenges of psychological research in addressing the mechanisms of emergence: how new behavioral patterns and cognitive abilities arise from the interaction of an organism with its environment in real time. We review some of the empirical studies on infant development with reference to Dynamical Systems accounts and relevant views such as the ecological approach to perception and action, and cover topics ranging from early motor skills to goal‐directed locomotion and to higher cognitive development. The central claim is that the results of these studies are essentially related: they suggest that there is a fundamental connection among perception, motor behavior, and cognition. In addition, we recount our attempt to re‐enact the situatedness and temporal structure of the decision‐making processes of human infants by using an autonomous robotic device. We conclude by highlighting several insights from the broad spectrum of studies looking into the embodied nature of adaptive behavior. In our view, such studies are making a profound contribution to uncovering the emergent mechanisms of intellectual and bodily activity throughout development.     

Psychological Maltreatment,Social Acceptance,Social Connectedness,and Subjective Well-Being in Adolescents

Psychological maltreatment is a dramatically increasing problem and related to a wide range of short-term and long-term outcomes. Considering these potential effects of it on healthy development and well-being, it is important to understand the mitigating factors for its negative effects on well-being from childhood to adulthood. Therefore, the purpose of present study is to investigate the mediation role of social acceptance and social connectedness on the effect of psychological maltreatment on subjective well-being in high school adolescents. The sample consisted of 825 students enrolled in grades 9–12 in two public schools in a small urban city in Turkey. The participants were 46.2% male and 53.8% female and ranged in age from 14 to 19 years old (M = 16.508, SD = 1.163). Findings from the structural model indicated that psychological maltreatment was a negative and significant predictor of social connectedness and social acceptance, yet did not significantly predict youth subjective well-being. Further, social acceptance and social connectedness were significant and positive predictors of subjective well-being. Finally, results showed that social acceptance and social connectedness fully mediated the relationship between psychological maltreatment and subjective well-being. Taken together, these outcomes support the importance of social connectedness and social acceptance on adolescents’ wellbeing, and these psychosocial resources help to explain the association between psychological maltreatment and subjective well-being. Results are discussed in light of the literature, and suggestions are presented for professions as well as for future research.