多元斗争主体何以可能?——后马克思主义的身份认同理论及其批判

政治主体的建构是后马克思主义讨论的重要问题。拉克劳等人将后结构主义等理论方法引入社会批判领域,借助主体立场和“缺失的主体”解构传统主体,把错位视为重构认同的理论前提,通过“话语链接”和“空洞能指”建构认同,保留身份认同的开放性、差异性和否定性,以此链接多元的社会主体作为反抗力量。后马克思主义对于多元斗争主体的理论探索为我们把握普遍性问题提供了独特视角,但是多元主体和认同政治建立在唯心史观的基础上,以主体化取代主体,弱化了革命性,削弱了实践批判力度。对此,我们必须在历史唯物主义视阈下考察当代革命主体,深化政治斗争理论研究。     

在多种身份中看待宗教认同

宗教认同研究的意义在于梳理宗教认同与其他身份认同的关系,减少由于单一身份标签导致的对多样身份存在的扭曲,探索构建社会和谐之路。在汉斯莫尔(Hans Mol)以宗教是身份的神圣化定位了宗教认同的基本内涵时,     

伦理学视域下活体肾移植供者身份认同

将活体肾移植供者的身份问题置于伦理学视域下,梳理活体肾移植整个医疗过程中供者身份的产生背景,分析供者身份出现与转变过程及其产生的伦理问题,进一步探讨其身份认同困境产生的实质是供者自身对其主体性的忽视以及过分依赖“他者”肯定。因此,解决这一问题的方法在于从供者自身和“他者”两方面帮助其建构自身身份完整性,协助其达成对自身的身份认同。供者建构其身份的完整性在于其自身实体性到主体性的转变,“他者”对供者适度关怀与尊重是对其主体性的成就。     

泰国北部华人穆斯林身份认同的变化

本文探讨了近现代以来泰国华人穆斯林的身份认同的变化,旨在阐明泰国华人穆斯林群体不能简单地被归为一个同质化的群体,对此类人群的分析也不能仅仅停留在地方或国家的层面上,华人穆斯林在所处社会中的"同化"问题是个更加复杂的问题。     

全球化时代法国穆斯林的身份认同与危机

本文探讨了全球化时代法国穆斯林的身份认同与危机,分析了边界与记忆在移民身份认同中的作用,以及法国移民融合政策对穆斯林移民身份认同的影响。同时,揭示了法国穆斯林身份认同的动态多样性,以及萨拉菲派带来的认同困境。为解决这一问题,法国社会需采取更开放、对话的态度,促进多元文化共存,实现公民身份与宗教身份的和谐共存。     

儒家士大夫的身份认同与孟荀之争

士大夫兼有"士"与"大夫"的不同社会身份。儒家士大夫的丰富思想光谱,源于其不同的身份认同,以及与此相关的价值取向、思想视角。"士"的独立性、理想性与"大夫"的依附性、现实性,使得儒家学者形成不同的思想形态,导致旨趣各异的学派形成。孟子、荀子的思想差异,就是源于其不同的身份认同。孟学、荀学在良知自觉与礼法制度、王道与霸道、为师与为臣等方面均形成思想差异,均与他们对"士大夫"社会身份的理解与认同相关。     

身份认同动机：概念、测量与心理效应

身份认同动机（identity motive,简称身份动机）是引导个体进行身份建构、寻求特定的自我概念与自我评价的心理需要,主要包括自尊、效能、连续、意义、独特、归属六种动机。近十年的研究表明,不同的身份动机在身份的建构、维持、防御与改变等过程中协同发挥作用,而且动机的满足可以增强幸福感和心理适应。未来研究应进一步检验动机维度、考察发展规律、开发实验范式、探究神经机制。     

全球化时代的国家认同：认同内容及其对群际行为的影响

随着全球化进程的不断推进, 国家认同再次成为社会心理学的研究热点。全球化到底是削弱国家认同还是增强国家认同, 不仅与国家认同的具体内容有关, 还受国家的全球化水平影响。同时, 个体对外群体的态度, 不仅受到群体规模的影响, 国家认同内容也起着调节作用。人们越是基于语言、宗教、文化等族群特质来界定国家身份, 对外群体的态度越消极; 越是基于公民特质来界定国家身份, 对外群体的态度越积极。今后应该整合国家认同的内容、厘清国家认同的发展轨迹、拓展国家认同的研究方法以及开展中国化研究。     

李宓本主崇拜中的国家在场与族群身份认同

本主崇拜是大理白族地区独具特色的村落性民俗文化,对白族民众的日常生活具有非常重要的意义。大理的每个村庄都有自己崇拜的一个或多个本主,而李宓是白族众多本主中一个特殊的存在,他作为唐天宝年间征讨南诏国的将领,对南诏国人民而言并非当地人,但是他死后随着王朝更迭最终却被白族人民奉为本主。李宓被奉为本主的过程经历了“建冢安灵”“被封龙神”“被奉本主”三个阶段,这种由鬼而神、由神而本主的转变反映了国家政权对地方信仰的影响,体现了地方信仰与国家主流意识形态的融合。李宓被奉为本主的过程表明了国家在场对族群身份认同的构建,以及地方社会民间信仰与国家中央主流价值观念的融合路径。     

身份认同:《论语》中的祭祀认知问题

在《论语》里,祭祀具有群体身份巩固与个体身份认同的双重作用。祭祀活动在具体实践路径上实现了宗教情感与人文理性的双重融合:理性中融入情感,使外在的仪式充满神圣性,规范个体对族群的正确认知,区分"自我"与"他者",强化了个体对族群的内在皈依感;同时,情感中保持理性,强化个体身份在现实世界的认同,规范塑造情感、欲望、意志以现实世界为主,承担起应尽的社会责任,在此世中实现"超越"。     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed:
Deborah Welch Larson, Anatomy of Mistrust: U.S. Soviet Relations During the Cold War
M. Rejai and K. Phillips, with W. L. Mason, Demythologizing an Elite: American Presidents in Empirical, Comparative, and Historical Perspective
Daniel Chirot and Anthony Reid (eds.), Essential Outsiders: Chinese and Jews in the Modern Transformation of Southeast Asia and Central Europe
C. N. Macrae, C. Stangor, and M. Hewstone (eds.), Stereotypes and Stereotyping
Kenneth R. Hammond, Human Judgment and Social Policy: Irreducible Uncertainty, Inevitable Error, Unavoidable Injustice
Blema S. Steinberg, Vamik D. Volkan, Normal Itzkowitz, and Andrew W. Dod, Shame and Humiliation: Presidential Decision Making on Vietnam and Richard Nixon: A Psychobiography
Hugh Gusterson, Nuclear Rites: A Weapon Laboratory at the End of the Cold War
Wolfgang Mieder, The Politics of Proverbs: From Traditional Wisdom to Proverbial Stereotypes
Diana C. Mutz, Paul M. Sniderman, and Richard A. Brody, Political Persuasion and Attitude Change
Daniel Bar-Tal and Ervin Staub (eds.), Patriotism in the Lives of Individuals and Nations
Robert S. Robins and Jerrold M. Post, Political Paranoia, the Psychopolitics of Hatred
Bernard Weiner, Judgments of Responsibility: A Foundation for a Theory of Social Conduct
Avner Falk, A Psychoanalytic History of the Jews
Barbara Rearden Farnham, Franklin Delano Roosevelt and the Munich Crisis
H. D. Forbes, John Daniel Cash Ethnic Conflict: Commerce, Culture and the Contact Hypothesis and Identity, Ideology and Conflict: The Structuration of Politics in Northern Ireland     

Understanding Party Identification: A Social Identity Approach

Social identity theory holds that individuals derive their self-concept from knowledge of their membership in a group (or groups) and that they place value and emotional significance on that group membership, with resulting perceptual and attitudinal biases. Individuals favor the in-group to which they belong which they define against a relevant out-group. In this study, a partisan social identity scale was used to reinterpret perceptual features of partisanship through the lens of social identity theory. The social identity of political independents was also examined in an effort to explain the anomalous behavior and identity of partisan leaners. Social identity theory provided a viable alternative framework for understanding the common bipolarity of perceptions regarding the two major U.S. political parties. In addition, an independent social identification may, in part, explain the identity of partisan leaners.     

From Social to Political Identity: A Critical Examination of Social Identity Theory

Interest in the concept of identity has grown exponentially within both the humanities and social sciences, but the discussion of identity has had less impact than might be expected on the quantitative study of political behavior in general and on political psychology more specifically. One of the approaches that holds the most promise for political psychologists is social identity theory, as reflected in the thinking of Henri Tajfel, John Turner, and colleagues. Although the theory addresses the kinds of problems of interest to political psychologists, it has had limited impact on political psychology because of social identity theorists' disinclination to examine the sources of social identity in a real world complicated by history and culture. In this review, four key issues are examined that hinder the successful application of social identity theory to political phenomena. These key issues are the existence of identity choice, the subjective meaning of identities, gradations in identity strength, and the considerable stability of many social and political identities.     

Living in the soap bubble: the infertile couple and the standstill of the transcendent function in the treatment of an adolescent girl1

Abstract: This paper considers disturbances of identity and developmental breakdown in the phase of ‘emergent adulthood’ with young adults together with a disturbance of the capacity of the Self for coniunctio. It is proposed that the capacity for effective intrapsychic linking as conceptualized in analytic psychology with the concepts of the coniunctio and the transcendent function, is disturbed because of an unconscious identification with an infertile ‘couple’. This unconscious couple fantasy can lead to a standstill of the transcendent function and prevents the growth of meaning via the linking between parts of the psyche. This can lead to considerable clinical disturbances. A clinical vignette from the treatment of an adolescent girl should illustrate these hypotheses. The patient had developed a not good enough internal space and she suffered from fragmentation anxieties. She tried to control these anxieties by obsessive behaviour and by forms of adhesive identification. The standstill of the transcendent function was manifested when the patient developed a negative therapeutic reaction.     

Identity Importance and the Overreporting of Religious Service Attendance: Multiple Imputation of Religious Attendance Using the American Time Use Study and the General Social Survey

The difference between religious service attendance measured using conventional surveys and time diaries has been attributed to identity processes; a high level of religious identity importance may prompt overreporting on a survey question. This article tests the hypothesized role of identity importance as an individual determinant of overreporting and the result of socially desirable behavior. A time diary measure of attendance (from the American Time Use Study 2003–2008) is imputed for conventional survey data (from the General Social Survey 2002–2008) using the multiple imputation for multiple studies procedure ( Gelman, King, and Liu 1998a ). Logistic regression models predicting self‐reported attendance and overreported attendance are estimated using identity importance as a key covariate and controlling for demographic variables associated with attendance. Identity importance is a strong predictor of both self‐reported and overreported attendance. Attendance, while a biased measure of actual behavior, may be a good indicator of religiosity.