如何破解乡镇区域群体“看病难”之困局

我国乡镇区域群体“看病难”之主要成因,在于医疗资源总体缺乏、政府经费投入不足以及乡镇区域群体经济收入增长缓慢。“看病难”困局的破解之道包括:制定《国民健康法》,明确政府部门在全民医疗保健方面的法律责任;根据国民经济的发展状态,合理计算各个阶段政府卫生经费的投放总额,并将经费的主要部分投向乡镇区域;实施医药管理体制改革,资源共享;加强医学专门人才的培养、促进高级医学人才向基层单位合理流动。     

群体健康与关系"正义"

生命伦理学具有广泛性和综合性,着眼于群体健康是当前生命伦理学发展的趋势.在群体水平的生命伦理学的研究中,有关"正义"的概念是核心的问题.涛慕思·W·博格提出了正义的"关系概念",借以考察范围广泛的社会制度与健康结果的产生具有什么样的因果关系,进而强调社会制度的制定者和支持者对其产生的健康结果负有责任.通过对此"关系概念"进行分析,以期对中国国内健康领域问题的解决有所启示.     

秦三易都城之区域背景考察

秦王朝是中国古代第一个大一统的中央集权制国家,其所建立的政治、经济、文化制度对后世产生了深刻的影响,奠定了中华一统2000年的政治格局。然而赢氏秦国在西周末年仅仅只是周天子册封的＂西垂大夫＂,后经数十代秦人的艰苦创业,终扫灭六国,一统天下。在这过程中,秦国国都数次变更,其背后所蕴含的政治、经济、文化、地理因素耐人寻味。     

制度创新如何生成和演进?——对乡镇公推直选试验的进化论分析

本文以社会进化理论为视角,分析了中国的乡镇领导公推直选试验发生和演进历程。作者认为,乡镇公推直选制度创新试验是一种外生力量驱动的政治性制度变迁。在乡镇财政困难、腐败蔓延、治理水平低下的环境压力下,作为主要行为者的极少数县市地方政治精英产生了观念的突变,并进而促成了制度创新的发生。随后,制度创新的扩散、延续和消亡的过程则是在结构自身发生重大变化之后(农业税取消),中央、地方政治精英以及由学者和媒体构成的公共舆论为主要行为者之间互动的结果,其中强势的行为者在这一过程中的作用更为重要。在外生性特征不变的条件下,这一制度创新走向消亡也是由相关行为者中强势的一方来决定。通过实例分析,文章认为进化论作为一种社会科学研究的基础范式,在分析制度变迁规律方面具有强大的解释力和巨大潜力。     

也谈普世价值——从人是类、群体、个体三重属性统一之角度

人是类性、群体性、个体性的统一,并且在不同的具体情境中,人的这三重属性的表现重心是有所不同的,于是同样的价值客体对于价值主体而言便会表现出不同层次的适应性——类相适性、群体相适性与个体相适性.价值具有类适应性就意味着普世价值的存在,但是存在普世价值并不意味着所有的价值都是普世的,因为有些价值只具有群体适应性或个体适应性.     

幼儿园托班如何有效开展区域活动

《幼儿园教育指导纲要》（试行）明确指出：“环境是重要的教育资源,应通过环境的创设和利用,有效地促进幼儿的发展。”区域活动是教师根据教育目标和幼儿发展水平,有目的、有计划地创设活动环境、投放各种材料,是幼儿重要的自主活动形式。它是以快乐和满足为目的,以操作、摆弄为途径的自主性学习活动。     

避之不及还是欣然接受？——规避群体环保消费模仿所带来的积极效应

研究从积极视角出发,通过两项实验,探索了规避群体模仿行为和产品环保性质对消费者产品抛弃倾向的交互效应及其影响机制。研究结果显示,规避群体对非环保产品的模仿提升了消费者对被模仿产品的抛弃倾向;而对于环保产品而言,规避群体的模仿则降低了消费者对被模仿产品的抛弃倾向。此外,存在意义感中介了这一交互效应。上述发现延伸了模仿行为及环保消费等相关理论研究,对企业的营销策略也提供了一定的实践启示。     

如何有效开展幼儿区域活动的几点体会

幼儿园区域活动最大的特点就是能给予幼儿自由游戏时间长,有自主游戏的氛围,是幼儿自我学习,自我发现,自我完善的活动。同时它具有灵活性,能满足幼儿发展的需要,是实施幼儿个别化教育的有效形式。区域活动,为幼儿自由选择、自发探索、自主活动开辟了一个新的天地,孩子们进入区域活动中都很开心,也很投入。     

如何为幼儿在动漫主题区域活动中投放适宜的村料

区域活动是根据幼儿发展需求和主题教育目标创设立开展的活动,充分利用各类教育资源,有效运用集体、分组和个别相结合的活动形式,幼儿可以自主选择、合作交往、探索发现的学习、生活和游戏活动。区域活动为幼儿提供了充分的自主活动的表现机会,有协商、有配合,精神上没有压力,在活动中幼儿尽情的发挥自己的想象,并将其的潜能激发出来。而在区域活动中,材料的投放既重要又复杂,针对我园开展动漫这一课题,如何投放区域活动中的相关材料,以满足不同层次幼儿的发展需求,又与之主题自然融合,是一个很重要问题。     

The Interactive Effect of Social Comparison and Objective Information on the Decision to See a Doctor

Doctors' schedules are often overcrowded by unnecessary consultations with people complaining of minor or harmless symptoms. Such people typically decide to seek medical attention after hearing the opinions of family and friends. The present study explored some factors that might affect one's readiness to be influenced by nonprofessional opinions. Subjects in a role-playing setting were asked to imagine they were experiencing various symptoms, and then were given social comparison information suggesting they either should or should not see a doctor. As an orthogonal factor, subjects were also given an objective basis, via a simple physical test, for believing the symptoms either did or did not require medical attention. Consistent with Festinger's (1954) propositions, objective information suggesting the need to see a doctor eliminated the influence of social comparison. However, objective information suggesting the symptoms were harmless failed to reduce the impact of social comparison. These results indicate that providing an objective basis for deciding to sec a doctor will not be effective in controlling unnecessary visits, since "don't go" objective information is completely overridden by "go" social comparison information.     

How to Pick Out a Dragon: Fiction and the Selection Problem

Topoi - Non-actualist theories promise straightforward accounts of meaning, truth and reference of fictional discourse but are ostensibly saddled with a Selection Problem, that multiple possible...     

Constitutivism and Transcendental Practical Philosophy: How to Pull the Rabbit Out of the Hat

Constitutivism aims to justify substantial normative standards as constitutive of practical reason. In this way, it can defend the constructivist commitment to avoiding realism and anti-realism in normative disciplines. This metaphysical debate is the perspective from which the nature of the constitutivist justification is usually discussed. In this paper, I focus on a related, but distinct, debate. My concern will not be whether the substantial normative claims asserted by the constructivist have some elements, which are not constructed, but real, given independently from us; instead, my concern will be more narrowly epistemic – whether those claims can be derived from premises, which are normatively less substantial than the normative conclusions themselves. I focus on Korsgaard’s transcendental articulation of the constitutivist argument. I conclude that more work would need to be done, in order for this argument to function as intended.     

Acceptance of Help as a Function of Similarity of the Potential Helper and Opportunity To Repay1

College students were given the task of making an object from balloons while being observed by someone who they were told had highly similar values (similar conditions) or highly dissimilar values (dissimilar conditions). Later they were to observe while the other made an object from wire coat hangers that were already unwound (no opportunity to repay conditions) or were not unwound (opportunity to repay conditions). In preparation for the subject's task, the balloons had to be blown up and the other offered to help. The number of balloons the subject gave the other was the measure of acceptance of help. An interaction between similarity and opportunity to repay was found. As hypothesized, acceptance of help was greater when the potential helper was similar than when he was dissimilar only when the opportunity to repay was anticipated; when no opportunity to repay was expected, the reverse was found.     

古代中西方的"学派"观念比较——兼论"思孟学派"的问题

本文从考察古希腊与中国先秦汉初的"学派"观念入手,比较异同,分析其通约性结论,指出学术师承渊源和学术宗旨,是我们考察"学派"的两个重要视角,而且学术师承渊源更重要。进而分析"思孟学派"这个名称,指出从"学派"义例来看,孟子并不认同子思,子思学派与孟子学派是并列的;"思孟学派"这个名称只适宜于着重考究子思的思想,以及孟子因袭其说的部分。     

How Physicians Lost Out to Managed Care: A Case Study of Accommodation and Resistance in a Medical Community

This paper involves a case study of physicians working in an urban Midwestern region. It raises questions surrounding how physicians adapted to, encouraged and resisted the increasing presence of managed care in their work lives. The patterning of physician accommodation to managed care and the failure of physicians to mount any effective organized resistance in Metro has some important implications for theories about professional dominance and decline.     

An Oral Proof in a Geometry Class: How Linguistic Tools Can Help Map the Content of a Proof

Recommendations that teachers promote argument and discourse in their mathematics classrooms anticipate researchers' needs for methods for examining and analyzing such talk. One form of discourse is oral arguments, including proofs. We ask: How can we track the development of an oral argument by a teacher and her/his students? We illustrate a method that combines Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) and Toulmin's argumentation scheme to examine how speakers logically connect different parts of an argument. We suggest that conjunction analysis can aid a researcher to map the content of a proof that has been constructed in class discussion. Using data from a discussion of a geometry proof, we show that different types of conjunctions enabled the teacher and the students to connect various components of an argument and, also, different arguments. The article illustrates how conjunction analysis can support and deepen what Toulmin's scheme for arguments can reveal about oral discussions.     

上海郊区乡镇劳动者科学文化常识认知水平及相关因素研究

对劳动者素质的研究,应涉及健康、科学文化、思想政治、伦理道德、心理素质等,只有对此综合考察,才能准确地把握其质量特点。目前国际上用来度量人口素质的指标通常集中于科学文化和健康素质两个方面。然而,至今国内对人口科学文化素质研究的维度主要是运用人口普查资料,对学历、受教育年数作数量描述,而少见对劳动者科学文化素质特性的动态研究报告,更少见对农村劳动者科学文化素质特件的专题研究．     

"I Want You to See Us as a Person and Not as a Gang Member or a Thug": Young People Define their Identities in the Public Sphere

Through an examination of the voices of youth in a city council meeting as they speak out against the passage of Proposition 21, this paper identifies the diversity among urban youth identities. Many studies have focused on explaining youth's deviant coded behavior, but have given little attention to ways in which youth engage in dialogue with authorities. This paper demonstrates that the youth contest their racialized identity, as reflected in California's anti youth politics as well as in mass-media depictions, by drawing on discourses regarding education, family values, and concern for each other's welfare. I argue that urban youth do not always position themselves in opposition to mainstream society, in their attempts to contest racial hegemony, but construct civic identities.