3～7岁儿童分类方式对分类结果影响的研究

以300名3-7岁儿童为被试,探讨在相同条件下,三种不同的分类方式(自由分类、根据言语指导分类、根据目标图分类)对分类结果的影响,结果发现:从总的分类结果来看分类方式对分类结果的影响是较显著的,这种影响存在着明显的年龄差异,6岁组分类方式对分类结果的影响最大。     

3-6岁儿童数量估算能力发展的研究

随机选取180名3-6岁儿童为被试,采用个别测查考查其数量估算能力.结果显示:(1)3-6岁儿童具备数量估算能力,但合理估算水平较低;(2)3-4岁儿童的估算多处于"大胆猜测"阶段,4-5岁儿童能有依据地估猜;(3)3-6岁儿童的估算水平受所估算数量大小影响较大;(4)3-6岁儿童的数量估算能力在有、无参照情况下均有显著年龄差异,无性别差异.     

4-6岁儿童言语理解中世界知识运用能力的发展

以90名4-6岁学前儿童作为研究对象,考察了这一年龄段儿童在言语理解中对世界知识的运用能力及其发展特点。实验要求被试确定测试句中代词TA的回指名词,该回指名词需要被试依据相关的世界知识进行判断。实验发现：（1）4-6岁儿童在言语理解中对于世界知识的运用能力随年龄的增长而不断提高。（2）4岁组儿童对世界知识的运用能力水平较低,与其他两组儿童相比存在较显著的差异性;5岁组和6岁组儿童对世界知识的运用能力差异较小。（3）儿童在言语理解中对于不同类型的世界知识的运用能力存在显著性差异。与对现实生活相关的世界知识的运用能力相比,各组儿童对童话语境相关的世界知识的运用能力更为灵活。这一差异性在4-5岁组儿童表现得更为显著。     

儿童依“相似性”分类能力的发展及影响分类结果因素的实验研究

以4-9岁儿童为被试,用6张主要是相同事物的多少有差异的刺激图片为实验材料,采用全部呈现刺激图片和逐——呈现刺激图片,并且利用有无目标图的方法,来探讨儿童依“相似性”分类能力的发展及影响分类结果的因素。结果表明:(1)随着年龄的增长,儿童依“相似性”分类的能力在提高。(2)按目标图分类方式的分类结果显著好于自由分类方式的分类结果。(3)逐一呈现刺激方式的分类成绩显著好于全部呈现刺激方式的分类成绩。     

4～6岁幼儿相似性判断与类别判断的知识效应

采用类别知识的分类学习模式,选取72名4-6岁幼儿作为被试,对相似性判断和类别判断的知识效应进行实验研究。结果表明：（1）相似性判断和类别判断存在知识效应。（2）相似性判断的知识效应存在显著的年龄差异,类别判断的知识效应不存在显著的年龄差异;5岁是知识学习对幼儿相似性判断产生影响的关键时期。（3）相似性判断知识效应的性别差异不显著,类别判断知识效应的性别差异极其显著,男孩更倾向于依据学习概念所强调的属性进行类别判断。     

4-6岁儿童在小模型旋转任务中的线索学习与位置学习*

以90名4-6岁儿童为被试,探讨了儿童在小模型旋转任务中利用线索学习和位置学习表征空间位置的年龄特点。研究结果表明:(1)儿童对线索学习的利用要优于对位置学习的利用;(2)4岁儿童已经可以使用线索学习的方式表征空间位置,但到6岁左右才开始能够使用基于方向的位置学习;(3)线索特征对于儿童的线索学习有显著影响,明显、突出的线索有利于儿童的线索学习。     

不同社会情境对儿童奖惩分配公平性的影响

为探讨社会排斥和社会接纳情境下儿童奖惩分配公平性,研究采用个体-偶然排斥范式和第三方奖惩分配范式,对8~9岁儿童奖惩分配公平性行为和奖惩分配公平性判断进行研究,结果发现：（1）社会排斥组被试的奖惩分配公平性行为显著多于社会接纳组,奖惩分配不公平性行为显著少于社会接纳组。9岁组被试的奖惩分配公平性行为显著多于8岁组,奖惩分配不公平性行为显著少于8岁组;（2）社会排斥组被试的奖惩分配公平性判断显著高于社会接纳组,9岁组被试的奖惩分配公平性判断显著高于8岁组,奖惩分配不公平性判断显著低于8岁组。结论：社会情境影响儿童的奖惩分配公平性,在排斥情境下,8~9岁儿童的奖惩分配公平性明显提升;8~9岁儿童的奖惩分配公平性随年龄增长有上升趋势。     

5~6岁儿童传递推理能力的发展特点

通过有效的实验设计,在控制儿童记忆容量影响的前提下,考察了5~6岁儿童在长度传递推理和重量传递推理能力上的发展水平。结果表明:(1)5~6岁是儿童传递推理能力迅速发展的时期。在大概6岁左右,大多数儿童已经能够进行真正意义上的传递推理。(2)此年龄儿童在长度传递推理和重量传递推理能力上不具有显著差异。(3)条件排列的一致与不一致对于被试的推理成绩并不具有显著影响。     

两种视觉特征提示对儿童错误记忆发展的影响

采用DRM研究范式,实验一使用示意图提示,探讨特异性视觉特征对于8岁、10岁和12岁儿童错误记忆的影响及其随年龄而产生的变化;实验二使用位置提示,探讨非特异性视觉特征对8岁、10岁和12岁儿童错误记忆的影响及其随年龄增长而产生的变化。实验结果说明:(1)特异性视觉特征提示会显著减少错误记忆,而非特异性视觉提示则会显著增加错误记忆。(2)8～12岁儿童错误记忆随着年龄的增长而增长,这可能是由于儿童随年龄增长不断地发展其形成要义痕迹表征和要义连接的能力所致。(3)特异性视觉特征提示对8岁儿童错误记忆的影响不显著,对10岁和12岁儿童有显著削弱作用,但这种影响在10岁和12岁儿童间没有显著性地增长。(4)非特异性视觉特征提示对8岁儿童错误记忆不产生显著影响,对10岁和12岁儿童有显著的增强作用,且这种影响从8岁至12岁呈显著性增长。     

延迟满足情境中2岁儿童对行为的自我控制能力和延迟策略的使用

以2岁儿童为被试,探讨其在延迟满足情境中的自我控制能力发展的状况。结果表明:(1)2岁儿童已具有一定程度的自我控制能力,个体差异显著,性别差异不显著;(2)2岁儿童已能使用一定的延迟策略,包括问题解决、分心、寻求安慰、消极等待、寻求他人帮助、回避等,其中使用频率最高的是分心策略;(3)不同的策略对延迟时间有着不同的影响;(4)儿童对策略的使用不会因延迟满足情境的不同而出现显著差异。     

Together – apart: in touch in a time of separation

This paper explores the experience of working as a Jungian analyst through the various phases of the global COVID-19 pandemic, examining the importance of the physical containing space alongside the analyst’s internal mind and how technology can both help and hinder understanding. A number of clinical vignettes illustrate the challenge of communicating over a distance, paying particular attention to the way countertransference phenomena can become re-attuned. Reference is made to mythology and symbols of hope, and consideration given to the meaning and purpose of the pandemic.     

Language,politics and dreams: the challenges of building resilience in refugees

This paper describes a case study of a 60-year-old Peruvian refugee in some detail, focusing on the importance of building emotional resilience in a patient in Spanish in order to create a space for learning the English language – the patient did not speak English after 20 years of living in Britain. The work was carried out with an interpreter and some of the literature on working with interpreters is referred to. The paper also briefly outlines the refugee journey in broad terms, which is a journey from the culturally known to the culturally unknown. The question of how well the literature on resilience, which sits firmly within a Western developmental perspective, can be applied to refugees, most of whom come from group and family-based cultures dominated by ideas of honour and shame, is discussed. The paper also touches on the importance of the receiving country enabling or not, as the case may be, a transitional space for refugees who have lost their home and are seeking to find a safe haven in a strange culture.     

Phenotypic plasticity and archetype: a response to common objections to the biological theory of archetype and instinct

Since Jung’s death in 1961, scholars have attempted to integrate growing biological science data into Jungian concepts such as the collective unconscious, instincts and the archetypes. This enterprise has been challenging due to persistent false dichotomies of gene and environment occasionally arising. Recent works by Roesler (2022a, 2022b) for example, have raised objections to the biological theory of archetypes, but the objections are plagued by such dichotomies. The concept of phenotypic plasticity, however, helps to both avoid this problem as well as bridge the gap between competing theories into a more integrated model with solid biological foundations.     

The Possibility of Meaning in Human Evolution

Science undermines the certitude of non-naturalistic answers to the question of whether human life has meaning. I explore whether evolution can provide a naturalistic basis for existential meaning. Using the work of philosopher Daniel Dennett and scientist Ursula Goodenough, I argue that evolution is the locus of the possibility of meaning because it has produced intentionality, the matrix of consciousness. I conclude that the question of the meaning of human life is an existentialist one: existential meaning is a product of the individual and collective tasks human beings undertake.     

When is it time to stop? When good enough becomes bad enough

This article draws on Winnicott’s concept of the good enough mother to discuss how to know whether a therapeutic situation is good enough to continue or bad enough to end. This dilemma is explored in terms of clinical syndromes, such as anorexia and pathological gambling, but focuses mainly on analyst-initiated endings, which are termed the ‘Casablanca dilemma’, based on an amplification of the ending of the film Casablanca. The author goes on to discuss such one-sided endings, drawing on interviews with 40 analysts and therapists about their clinical experience. A typology of bad enough endings is presented. The psychological differences between a good enough analysis as opposed to a bad enough one are explored through the ideas of Winnicott and Neumann.     

Seeing in the Dark: A View into Dissociation and Healing

In this paper, I will explore the role of art-making, the experience of trauma and dissociation, and the process of working with self-states from an analytic and creative frame. Relevant literature on dissociation, trauma, and the use of art will be discussed. A case involving my work with an adolescent girl who had experienced sexual abuse from a family member will be shared, with an emphasis on the meaningful role images played during the therapeutic process. Both Jungian and psychoanalytic models of conceptualizing and working with dissociation are included, following Donald Kalsched’s (2013) recommendation for a “binocular stance” to treatment, including both a focus on the inner, intrapsychic world and the interpersonal, relational realm, and how art images both illuminated and expressed these realms. Within the therapeutic process, art images allowed the therapist a view into the client’s unconscious process, and created a meeting ground for dissociative barriers to be gradually seen, felt and known, by both therapist and client. The experience of dissociation, in images and in session, provided a reference point for myself and my client, Taylor, to develop a shared understanding and a framework for growth.     

The transcendent function in Spitteler’s Prometheus and Epimetheus

In August 2020, John Beebe and Steve Myers met via Zoom to discuss their differing interpretations of psychological typology and the different sources within Jung’s writings that influenced their books: Integrity in Depth: Energies and Patterns in Psychological Type (Beebe), and Myers-Briggs Typology vs Jungian Individuation (Myers). The discussion centred on Spitteler’s epic poem Prometheus und Epimetheus, which forms the basis of chapter V of Psychological Types. This is both the largest chapter and one of two chapters that Jung highlighted in the Argentine foreword as containing the essence of the book. Jung’s book is primarily about the transformation of personality rather than the categorization of people. Although it contains a critical psychology that deconstructs the nature of consciousness, that is only one half of the book and a stepping-stone to the other half, which is the reconciliation of opposites with particular emphasis on the relation of consciousness and the unconscious. Jung assumed that readers were already familiar with Prometheus und Epimetheus, an understanding of which sheds light on the nature of the transformation that Jung described – the development of a new attitude towards attitude itself.     

Kann Es Ein Argument Für Den Skeptizismus Geben? Das Epistemische Problem Der Irrtumsmöglichkeit

Summary  Is there any argument for scepticism? The epistemic problem of the possibility of error. Arguments for scepticism rest on the assumption that knowledge claims are fallible. For this reason the concept of knowledge appears to be questionable. Since it is necessary to distinguish doubts from possible doubts, the arguments for scepticism appear to be unconvincing. If we take it into account that we know something that is immune to doubt, we should draw the conclusion that, contrary to scepticism, knowledge claims have to be compatible with being fallible. Thus any knowledge claim is capable of being doubted.     

Chapter 6: Biblical Foundations for a Practical Theology of Aging

SUMMARY

This article reviews Biblical sources pertaining to the elderly, particularly the frail elderly. Founded on these sources, implications for elderly with Alzheimer's Disease and other forms of dementia are addressed through a personal perspective informed by writings of Christian mystics.