21世纪中医学向何处去

什么是中医学?怎样发展中医学?医学究竟是干什么的?什么是医学的目的和本质功能?什么是医学的科学化和现代化?1　医学的现代化发展取向11　化学层次的医学观上升为生命层次的医学观卡逊(1962年)发表《寂静的春天》,揭示了以农药为代表的直接对抗和化肥为代表的直接补充,对人类及其生存环境的危害作用。从农业而反思医学,人们发现,几十年来由于大量使用化学合成药的化学疗法,带来了与药物有关的化学污染;人体不断受到化学物质的冲击,由此产生长期的不良后果。化学界也意识到问题的严重性和根本性,就在于仅仅从化学层次追求物质基础来看待医学…     

医学模式的转变促进四个统一

医学模式的转变促进四个统一广东医学院（湛江５２４０２３）王小燕生物医学模式向生物心理社会医学模式转变,辩证地揭示人的健康与疾病的规律,准确地反映了人的三重属性,从哲学的高度看待人体与人类,是辩证唯物主义的医学观,促进以下四方面的统一。一、人的生命存在...     

中医学认识规律研究论纲——破译中医特殊性的认识论原因

中医学是特殊的认识成果,在其认识发生发展的过程中,必然存在特殊的认识论原因,也一定存在可循的规律。从认识对象、实践活动、主体认识结构和认识建构过程对中医学特殊认识进行了比较系统的分析和论述,力图揭示出中医学的认识论原因和规律。     

回归中医学传统:走向整体医学——后精准医学与系统生物学时代的现代医学

面对生物体的复杂性和适应性,系统生物学遇到了难以逾越的障碍。精准医学有望建立个性化的状态描述体系和庞大的标靶治疗体系,但其对疾病的调控,仍将面临着整合的困难。随着复杂性科学应对复杂系统方法的成熟,随着其与中医学方法的一致性被揭示,以整体建模为核心特征的整体医学将会成为主流医学逐渐显现出其必然性。作为一门个性化医学,整体医学继承了中医学的整体观念和辨证论治思想,它从根本上解决了复杂生命系统的整合问题,也使得适应性不再是把控人体内在规律的障碍,而成为对生命体进行更有效调控不可或缺的工具。系统生物学和精准医学之后的时代将是整体医学的时代。     

中西医结合医学的回顾及浅议

中西医结合是我国的原创性医学,尽管历经50年的系统临床实践,但迄今对中西医结合医学概念尚未有明确的共识或权威性描述.认为中西医结合医学是用中医学规律和方法研究西医学、或用西医学规律和方法研究中医学而产生的不同于中、西医学的,有利于人类健康的技术、方法和理论的医学科学;其外延应包括整个中西医结合医学体系.     

大学生对人体器官移植相关问题的伦理道德认知

通过调查发现绝大多数大学生对人体器官移植持肯定态度,认为移植器官的分配应依次遵循医学、前瞻性、年龄等标准;人体器官买卖有违人类伦理道德、会带来新的犯罪与社会的混乱;强迫死囚捐献其身后器官是对其人身权与人格尊严的侵犯.可见,人体器官移植应在充分考虑效用、生命伦理及公平与公正的基础上稳妥发展.     

大学生对人体器官移植相关问题的伦理道德认知

通过调查发现绝大多数大学生对人体器官移植持肯定态度,认为移植器官的分配应依次遵循医学、前瞻性、年龄等标准;人体器官买卖有违人类伦理道德、会带来新的犯罪与社会的混乱;强迫死囚捐献其身后器官是对其人身权与人格尊严的侵犯。可见,人体器官移植应在充分考虑效用、生命伦理及公平与公正的基础上稳妥发展。     

中医现代化必然纳入现代医学范畴——对中医现代化及研究方法的看法

１中医现代化的结果首先必须明确的是,中医和西医研究的对象和目的是一样的,即都是以人体结构和生命活动及其与环境的关系为研究对象,以揭示人体健康的本质及由健康向疾病转变的规律,并实现预防和扭转这种转变。再看看中医现代化的途径或手段是什么,凡主张中医要变...     

基于体质和功能状态的整体医学——21世纪现代医学发展的主流方向

迄今为止,人体体质及整体功能状态的研究在现代医学中仍是一片未开垦的处女地.由于中医学与复杂性科学方法、理念的一致性,在复杂性科学的理念逐渐成为主流科学理念的今天,采用其方法和技术,引进中医学的理论模型、方法和经验,发展揭示人体质和功能状态的整体医学将是21世纪现代医学发展的主流方向.     

论“中医学”的定义

“医学”是“研究人类生命过程以及同疾病作斗争的一门科学”。作为“科学”下位的两个种概念,即“中医学”与“西医学”,至今没有见到确切的定义。中医研究的是整体层次上的机体反应状态;西医研究的是组成整体的各个局部的结构与功能。中医运用的阴阳五行学说实质上是朴素、自发的系统方法;西医则选择了还原性研究方法。中医理论是综合、演绎的机体反应状态变化规律的系统状态模型;西医理论是分析、归纳的人体结构与功能的物质     

Language,politics and dreams: the challenges of building resilience in refugees

This paper describes a case study of a 60-year-old Peruvian refugee in some detail, focusing on the importance of building emotional resilience in a patient in Spanish in order to create a space for learning the English language – the patient did not speak English after 20 years of living in Britain. The work was carried out with an interpreter and some of the literature on working with interpreters is referred to. The paper also briefly outlines the refugee journey in broad terms, which is a journey from the culturally known to the culturally unknown. The question of how well the literature on resilience, which sits firmly within a Western developmental perspective, can be applied to refugees, most of whom come from group and family-based cultures dominated by ideas of honour and shame, is discussed. The paper also touches on the importance of the receiving country enabling or not, as the case may be, a transitional space for refugees who have lost their home and are seeking to find a safe haven in a strange culture.     

Together – apart: in touch in a time of separation

This paper explores the experience of working as a Jungian analyst through the various phases of the global COVID-19 pandemic, examining the importance of the physical containing space alongside the analyst’s internal mind and how technology can both help and hinder understanding. A number of clinical vignettes illustrate the challenge of communicating over a distance, paying particular attention to the way countertransference phenomena can become re-attuned. Reference is made to mythology and symbols of hope, and consideration given to the meaning and purpose of the pandemic.     

Phenotypic plasticity and archetype: a response to common objections to the biological theory of archetype and instinct

Since Jung’s death in 1961, scholars have attempted to integrate growing biological science data into Jungian concepts such as the collective unconscious, instincts and the archetypes. This enterprise has been challenging due to persistent false dichotomies of gene and environment occasionally arising. Recent works by Roesler (2022a, 2022b) for example, have raised objections to the biological theory of archetypes, but the objections are plagued by such dichotomies. The concept of phenotypic plasticity, however, helps to both avoid this problem as well as bridge the gap between competing theories into a more integrated model with solid biological foundations.     

The Possibility of Meaning in Human Evolution

Science undermines the certitude of non-naturalistic answers to the question of whether human life has meaning. I explore whether evolution can provide a naturalistic basis for existential meaning. Using the work of philosopher Daniel Dennett and scientist Ursula Goodenough, I argue that evolution is the locus of the possibility of meaning because it has produced intentionality, the matrix of consciousness. I conclude that the question of the meaning of human life is an existentialist one: existential meaning is a product of the individual and collective tasks human beings undertake.     

When is it time to stop? When good enough becomes bad enough

This article draws on Winnicott’s concept of the good enough mother to discuss how to know whether a therapeutic situation is good enough to continue or bad enough to end. This dilemma is explored in terms of clinical syndromes, such as anorexia and pathological gambling, but focuses mainly on analyst-initiated endings, which are termed the ‘Casablanca dilemma’, based on an amplification of the ending of the film Casablanca. The author goes on to discuss such one-sided endings, drawing on interviews with 40 analysts and therapists about their clinical experience. A typology of bad enough endings is presented. The psychological differences between a good enough analysis as opposed to a bad enough one are explored through the ideas of Winnicott and Neumann.     

The transcendent function in Spitteler’s Prometheus and Epimetheus

In August 2020, John Beebe and Steve Myers met via Zoom to discuss their differing interpretations of psychological typology and the different sources within Jung’s writings that influenced their books: Integrity in Depth: Energies and Patterns in Psychological Type (Beebe), and Myers-Briggs Typology vs Jungian Individuation (Myers). The discussion centred on Spitteler’s epic poem Prometheus und Epimetheus, which forms the basis of chapter V of Psychological Types. This is both the largest chapter and one of two chapters that Jung highlighted in the Argentine foreword as containing the essence of the book. Jung’s book is primarily about the transformation of personality rather than the categorization of people. Although it contains a critical psychology that deconstructs the nature of consciousness, that is only one half of the book and a stepping-stone to the other half, which is the reconciliation of opposites with particular emphasis on the relation of consciousness and the unconscious. Jung assumed that readers were already familiar with Prometheus und Epimetheus, an understanding of which sheds light on the nature of the transformation that Jung described – the development of a new attitude towards attitude itself.     

Kann Es Ein Argument Für Den Skeptizismus Geben? Das Epistemische Problem Der Irrtumsmöglichkeit

Summary  Is there any argument for scepticism? The epistemic problem of the possibility of error. Arguments for scepticism rest on the assumption that knowledge claims are fallible. For this reason the concept of knowledge appears to be questionable. Since it is necessary to distinguish doubts from possible doubts, the arguments for scepticism appear to be unconvincing. If we take it into account that we know something that is immune to doubt, we should draw the conclusion that, contrary to scepticism, knowledge claims have to be compatible with being fallible. Thus any knowledge claim is capable of being doubted.     

Seeing in the Dark: A View into Dissociation and Healing

In this paper, I will explore the role of art-making, the experience of trauma and dissociation, and the process of working with self-states from an analytic and creative frame. Relevant literature on dissociation, trauma, and the use of art will be discussed. A case involving my work with an adolescent girl who had experienced sexual abuse from a family member will be shared, with an emphasis on the meaningful role images played during the therapeutic process. Both Jungian and psychoanalytic models of conceptualizing and working with dissociation are included, following Donald Kalsched’s (2013) recommendation for a “binocular stance” to treatment, including both a focus on the inner, intrapsychic world and the interpersonal, relational realm, and how art images both illuminated and expressed these realms. Within the therapeutic process, art images allowed the therapist a view into the client’s unconscious process, and created a meeting ground for dissociative barriers to be gradually seen, felt and known, by both therapist and client. The experience of dissociation, in images and in session, provided a reference point for myself and my client, Taylor, to develop a shared understanding and a framework for growth.     

Chapter 6: Biblical Foundations for a Practical Theology of Aging

SUMMARY

This article reviews Biblical sources pertaining to the elderly, particularly the frail elderly. Founded on these sources, implications for elderly with Alzheimer's Disease and other forms of dementia are addressed through a personal perspective informed by writings of Christian mystics.