情绪增强的伦理考量

概括总结出情绪增强的内涵,指出通过药物性、非药物性大脑干预技术以及基因技术等方式控制调节人情绪的技术统称情绪增强技术。在伦理视角下探讨了该技术存在的主要问题,包括自主和尊严、人格异化、健康安全以及公正平等。并从遵守生命伦理原则、对技术的适度使用、建立相关法律法规与伦理委员会,合理分配情绪增强资源等方面对情绪增强技术进行考量,使情绪增强这一新兴技术真正服务于人,帮助人类实现幸福最大化。     

构建人类卫生健康共同体的“关怀”伦理路径

在新冠疫情面前,伦理学的重要意义是锻造或阐释自身的概念,以便让人类社会透过冷酷病毒对于生命的摧毁认识到生命的平等价值、尊严和权利。疫情给人类一个反思生命和伦理的历史机遇,女性主义关怀伦理和儒家伦理中的“关怀”可以为“构建人类卫生健康共同体”开启一条伦理路径。源于女性关怀体验的关怀伦理是道德情感主义传统的当代延续,这一传统在当代道德生活中愈发具有影响力,它相信道德起源和基础在于人类的道德感和同情心。与关怀伦理相似,儒家伦理也强调“仁爱”是上天赋予人的固有的能力,每个人都有爱他人、爱天地万物的情感,并且主张通过“和”来实现“共生”的目标。关怀伦理和儒家伦理的生命关怀共通性可以证明：人类社会具有一种普遍的道德或者人性,这便是出于道德情感的对于他人的关怀。面对全球性公共卫生危机,当理性计算冰冷地把人类社会隔离开来之时,关怀能以自身的伦理路径温暖世界。     

临床“情感增强”实践的权利体系及其伦理向度

生物医药、基因编辑、神经植入、脑机接口等新兴技术的发展,使得基于上述技术的医疗手段实现人类“情感增强”逐渐成为现实。“情感增强”关涉到人类精神状态,所关联的技术手段相对前沿,且在实践中存在“治疗”与“增强”边界模糊的问题,因而导致公众在相应临床实践中的相关权利被忽视或被剥夺。有必要从“情感增强权”、知情同意权、“不完美权”、受试保护权、个人隐私权等维度构建权利体系,明确公众在“情感增强”临床试验及实践中享有的权利与适用范围。要实现上述目标,应遵循安全有效、道德底线、知情同意、信息保密、公平可及、差异发展等伦理原则,并通过优化专项伦理审查的治理体制、建立独立动态管理的顾问专家库、强化专项伦理教育培训和宣传普及等具体路径为权利体系的平衡与充分实现提供伦理保障。     

人类增强技术:后人类主义批判与实践伦理学

当代高技术的发展使人与技术的关系发生了重要转折:技术的对象转向了生命和人本身,而人类对自然的干预也进一步深入到了它的基础层次。技术、经济与人的需求三者是相互纠缠的,一方面,技术与经济相互内生,科学知识被商品化、市场化;另一方面,技术的发展是为了满足人类需求。后人类问题讨论的核心是问题是关于人的进化问题。后人类主义过于乐观,因此发展新技术需要一种审慎的和负责任的态度。应对高技术带来的复杂伦理问题,需要新的思路、新的行动原则,需要一种实践的伦理学。实践伦理强调情境和具体性,要求技术增强的研究与应用在人类普遍认同的伦理框架内有序发展,实行安全第一、差别发展、优先应用三大伦理原则。     

环境伦理学的三个理论焦点

一、人类中心主义与非人类中心主义之争 :所争何事 ?在西方环境伦理学界 ,人类中心主义和非人类中心主义争论的核心问题是 :保护自然这一伦理义务的最终根据或基础究竟是什么 ?对这一问题的典型的人类中心主义的回答是 :对他人的伦理义务。那么 ,为什么人只对人负有伦理义务呢 ?答曰 :人是惟一的目的存在物。到目前为止 ,康德的这一论证仍然是人类中心主义的主要的理论基石。由于担心人类中心主义所理解的这种环境伦理不足以约束人类破坏自然的行为 ,许多学者试图另辟蹊径 ,为人们提供一种更具“刚性”的伦理原则 ,用于指导人们调节人与自然…     

论马克思解放理论的伦理旨趣

人的自由与解放是马克思伦理精神的主旨。在对资本主义生存情境的批判、解构中,马克思消解了近代伦理对人的解放的抽象的、形式的、虚伪的承诺,而把实现人的解放的价值目标置于对生活世界整体解放的诉求之中,从而为实现这一解放目标寻求到一条真正可靠的、现实的路径。一、“解放”的意象“解放”的伦理冲动总是定居于人的有限性的、异化了的现存境域之中。“解放”伦理的第一意象就是粉碎“枷锁”,瓦解使人的生存沦于奴役或罪恶状态的压迫性或束缚性力量或情境,从而使人的本真存在、自由和善的人性得以“出场”,这也是人类伦理价值追求的普…     

内在主义视域下的道德增强及其争议

“内在主义”(internalism)是技术伦理学新兴起的一种研究进路,它不同于传统“外在主义”(exter?nalism)进路的地方在于,它主要关注技术的积极伦理后果,主张把伦理要素“嵌入”对象之中,利用技术手段解决伦理问题。“道德增强”的基本理念符合“内在主义”进路的特征,它通过对人的“基因”和“神经”进行技术干预,调节人的道德情感,增强人的道德动机,改善人的道德品质,塑造人的道德行为。尽管“道德增强”的初衷是助人向善,却引发了诸多伦理争议,需要从学理上权衡其利弊。     

“风险文化”:食品安全的伦理向度

我国社会食品安全事件频发,表征着从神义论向人义论的“风险社会”来临,彰显出责任意识的明显弱化、责任关系的严重错位.借助“风险社会”的分析框架及其独特的自反性现代化思想,审慎透视“风险文化”,这标示着一种新型的技术伦理向度,且意味着人类在风险意识的促动下,人的真正自我觉醒以及人的类本性的提升,有助于缓解或克制食品安全问题.     

现代技术的伦理沉思

善的追求与人存在的完善统一的重大前提是人的真实的存在。由于理性的张扬,伴随人类社会的发展,特别是现代技术的发展,人的真实存在被遗忘、被扭曲。善,因而逐渐地远离人追求的范畴。人被现代技术所奴役,陷入生存困境。要摆脱这种困境,必须实现现代技术的伦理超越。伦理对现代技术的超越,是一个思维方式转变的过程,一个科学态度向哲学态度转变的过程,一个存在方式重新选择的过程。它的实现不在于建立一门新的伦理学体系,而在于唤起被遮蔽、被诱惑、或沉睡了的“意义性追求”或“对最高价值的意识和追求”。     

儒家思想中的道德与伦理

道德与伦理的杂糅与僭用折射出“道出于二”的时代病候,从思想上贞定二者的分 际,意味着一种治疗。尽管黑格尔与李泽厚都以各自的方式处理这一分际,尤其是黑格尔提 供了一种理论性参照,但儒家对道德与伦理的思考具有值得注意的内涵,道德处理的是性分 问题,回答的是人是什么的问题,它指向的是主体与自身、主体与天道乃至世界整体的 关系;而伦理处理的则是位分与职分问题,回答的是我是谁的问题,它指向政治社会中人与 人的关系,以便为我的权责定位,因而它往往集中体现为人的名分。道德生活在伦理秩序中 客观化、现实化,并以调节者而非构成者身份参与伦理秩序的生成,同时也对陷落的伦理生 活提供抵抗与转化的资源。伦理秩序往往以身份或角色的名义,发动对人的动员,其目的在 于以规训的方式把个人转换为共同体的成员,对政治社会而言则是化“人”为“民”;与之 相反,道德所要求的则是超越具体社会身份与角色的完整之“人”。     

Together – apart: in touch in a time of separation

This paper explores the experience of working as a Jungian analyst through the various phases of the global COVID-19 pandemic, examining the importance of the physical containing space alongside the analyst’s internal mind and how technology can both help and hinder understanding. A number of clinical vignettes illustrate the challenge of communicating over a distance, paying particular attention to the way countertransference phenomena can become re-attuned. Reference is made to mythology and symbols of hope, and consideration given to the meaning and purpose of the pandemic.     

Language,politics and dreams: the challenges of building resilience in refugees

This paper describes a case study of a 60-year-old Peruvian refugee in some detail, focusing on the importance of building emotional resilience in a patient in Spanish in order to create a space for learning the English language – the patient did not speak English after 20 years of living in Britain. The work was carried out with an interpreter and some of the literature on working with interpreters is referred to. The paper also briefly outlines the refugee journey in broad terms, which is a journey from the culturally known to the culturally unknown. The question of how well the literature on resilience, which sits firmly within a Western developmental perspective, can be applied to refugees, most of whom come from group and family-based cultures dominated by ideas of honour and shame, is discussed. The paper also touches on the importance of the receiving country enabling or not, as the case may be, a transitional space for refugees who have lost their home and are seeking to find a safe haven in a strange culture.     

Phenotypic plasticity and archetype: a response to common objections to the biological theory of archetype and instinct

Since Jung’s death in 1961, scholars have attempted to integrate growing biological science data into Jungian concepts such as the collective unconscious, instincts and the archetypes. This enterprise has been challenging due to persistent false dichotomies of gene and environment occasionally arising. Recent works by Roesler (2022a, 2022b) for example, have raised objections to the biological theory of archetypes, but the objections are plagued by such dichotomies. The concept of phenotypic plasticity, however, helps to both avoid this problem as well as bridge the gap between competing theories into a more integrated model with solid biological foundations.     

The Possibility of Meaning in Human Evolution

Science undermines the certitude of non-naturalistic answers to the question of whether human life has meaning. I explore whether evolution can provide a naturalistic basis for existential meaning. Using the work of philosopher Daniel Dennett and scientist Ursula Goodenough, I argue that evolution is the locus of the possibility of meaning because it has produced intentionality, the matrix of consciousness. I conclude that the question of the meaning of human life is an existentialist one: existential meaning is a product of the individual and collective tasks human beings undertake.     

When is it time to stop? When good enough becomes bad enough

This article draws on Winnicott’s concept of the good enough mother to discuss how to know whether a therapeutic situation is good enough to continue or bad enough to end. This dilemma is explored in terms of clinical syndromes, such as anorexia and pathological gambling, but focuses mainly on analyst-initiated endings, which are termed the ‘Casablanca dilemma’, based on an amplification of the ending of the film Casablanca. The author goes on to discuss such one-sided endings, drawing on interviews with 40 analysts and therapists about their clinical experience. A typology of bad enough endings is presented. The psychological differences between a good enough analysis as opposed to a bad enough one are explored through the ideas of Winnicott and Neumann.     

Seeing in the Dark: A View into Dissociation and Healing

In this paper, I will explore the role of art-making, the experience of trauma and dissociation, and the process of working with self-states from an analytic and creative frame. Relevant literature on dissociation, trauma, and the use of art will be discussed. A case involving my work with an adolescent girl who had experienced sexual abuse from a family member will be shared, with an emphasis on the meaningful role images played during the therapeutic process. Both Jungian and psychoanalytic models of conceptualizing and working with dissociation are included, following Donald Kalsched’s (2013) recommendation for a “binocular stance” to treatment, including both a focus on the inner, intrapsychic world and the interpersonal, relational realm, and how art images both illuminated and expressed these realms. Within the therapeutic process, art images allowed the therapist a view into the client’s unconscious process, and created a meeting ground for dissociative barriers to be gradually seen, felt and known, by both therapist and client. The experience of dissociation, in images and in session, provided a reference point for myself and my client, Taylor, to develop a shared understanding and a framework for growth.     

The transcendent function in Spitteler’s Prometheus and Epimetheus

In August 2020, John Beebe and Steve Myers met via Zoom to discuss their differing interpretations of psychological typology and the different sources within Jung’s writings that influenced their books: Integrity in Depth: Energies and Patterns in Psychological Type (Beebe), and Myers-Briggs Typology vs Jungian Individuation (Myers). The discussion centred on Spitteler’s epic poem Prometheus und Epimetheus, which forms the basis of chapter V of Psychological Types. This is both the largest chapter and one of two chapters that Jung highlighted in the Argentine foreword as containing the essence of the book. Jung’s book is primarily about the transformation of personality rather than the categorization of people. Although it contains a critical psychology that deconstructs the nature of consciousness, that is only one half of the book and a stepping-stone to the other half, which is the reconciliation of opposites with particular emphasis on the relation of consciousness and the unconscious. Jung assumed that readers were already familiar with Prometheus und Epimetheus, an understanding of which sheds light on the nature of the transformation that Jung described – the development of a new attitude towards attitude itself.     

Kann Es Ein Argument Für Den Skeptizismus Geben? Das Epistemische Problem Der Irrtumsmöglichkeit

Summary  Is there any argument for scepticism? The epistemic problem of the possibility of error. Arguments for scepticism rest on the assumption that knowledge claims are fallible. For this reason the concept of knowledge appears to be questionable. Since it is necessary to distinguish doubts from possible doubts, the arguments for scepticism appear to be unconvincing. If we take it into account that we know something that is immune to doubt, we should draw the conclusion that, contrary to scepticism, knowledge claims have to be compatible with being fallible. Thus any knowledge claim is capable of being doubted.     

Chapter 6: Biblical Foundations for a Practical Theology of Aging

SUMMARY

This article reviews Biblical sources pertaining to the elderly, particularly the frail elderly. Founded on these sources, implications for elderly with Alzheimer's Disease and other forms of dementia are addressed through a personal perspective informed by writings of Christian mystics.