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1.
张向葵  郭娟  田录梅 《心理科学》2005,28(3):602-605
采用2×4两因素组间设计,以168名大学生为被试,考察了自尊对死亡提醒条件下死亡焦虑的影响.结果发现(1)死亡提醒操作确实唤醒了大学生的死亡焦虑,焦虑平均值为2.28±0.49;(2)支持了西方文化背景下提出的自尊缓冲死亡焦虑的假设,即死亡提醒条件下,自尊越高,死亡焦虑越低,说明自尊对死亡焦虑的缓冲作用是一种普遍心理现象.  相似文献   

2.
自尊的认知加工偏向研究述评   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
岑延远  郑雪 《心理科学》2004,27(5):1184-1186
随着认识心理学的发展,人们从认知的角度对自尊进行了拓展性的研究。主要揭示不同自尊水平对认知加工偏向的影响,找出低自尊水平的认知加工特点并期望通过选择性训练来提升个体的自尊水平。关于自尊的认知加工偏向的心理机制主要是心境一致性效应和特质一致性效应。虽然这一取向的研究具有巨大的实践意义,但是还没有取得阶段性成果。  相似文献   

3.
自尊社会计量器理论的研究述评   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
自尊的社会计量器理论(sociometer theory),从进化心理学和符号互动论的角度对自尊的本质与功能进行了理论阐释,并对自尊社会计量器的理论假设进行了大量研究验证。国外相关研究主要涉及自尊社会计量器理论的思想渊源、基本观点和实证研究,以及新近研究的进展。目前的自尊社会计量器理论片面强调了他人评价对自尊的影响,而忽视其他因素对自尊的影响。未来的社会计量器理论研究应与自尊领域的其他理论相结合,以形成更完善的整合性自尊理论。  相似文献   

4.
石伟  黄希庭 《心理科学》2007,30(4):782-784,795
本实验研究证实了自尊的记忆效应的存在,即自尊水平与词性的交互作用对特质形容诃的回忆量有显著影响。具体而言,对于正向词的回忆量,高自尊组显著高于低自尊组。对于负向诃的回忆量,高自尊组与低自尊组无显著差异;而在高自尊组,正向词的回忆量显著高于负向诃的回忆量。在低自尊组,正向词的回忆量与负向诃的回忆量无显著差异。实验结果支持自尊对记忆影响的忽视——不一致模型。  相似文献   

5.
高自尊的异质性研究述评   总被引:11,自引:2,他引:11       下载免费PDF全文
自尊不只有高低之分,很多研究者分别从实证研究的结果矛盾性、对自尊的概念及其测量方法的理论思考等方面论述了高自尊异质性存在的可能性,并分别从不同角度提出了高自尊的不同类型及其测量方法,如,不稳定的高自尊与稳定的高自尊、防御的高自尊与真诚的高自尊、相倚的高自尊与真正的高自尊、高外显低内隐自尊与高外显高内隐自尊、脆弱的高自尊与安全的高自尊等,其测量方法也因不同类型而不同。这些研究均说明高自尊存在异质性,需在未来的自尊研究中加以注意  相似文献   

6.
评价恐惧理论及相关研究述评   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
社交焦虑认知行为模型将负面评价恐惧作为社交焦虑的核心特征, Weeks和Heimberg提出评价恐惧概念并认为, 无论是正面评价恐惧还是负面评价恐惧, 都是社交焦虑的核心特征。Watson和Friend提出负面评价恐惧至今已有40年, 负面评价恐惧的测量工具、遗传特质、注意偏向及其在学习等领域中的应用已有相关研究。而正面评价恐惧的研究才刚刚开展。评价恐惧测量工具的完善、研究内容的拓展、临床干预的充实、跨文化研究的加强等都是未来的研究方向。  相似文献   

7.
内隐自尊和外显自尊是自我评价体系中两个非常重要的结构。以往研究基于统计独立性、自身发展性以及双认知系统等角度提出内隐自尊和外显自尊是两个相互独立的结构。但是,越来越多的证据表明,在改善测验工具、动机因素和研究方法之后,内隐自尊与外显自尊显著相关,并且两者之间的关系得到神经机制的佐证。虽然内隐自尊和外显自尊是两个不同的结构,但是它们并不是简单独立关系,而是紧密联系和相互作用于个体的自我评价。  相似文献   

8.
本研究试图结合自尊这一人格因素来探讨大学生的防御方式及日常人际冲突解决方式,对自尊的划分除传统的高、低自尊外,还把高自尊细分为防御性高自尊和真正性高自尊。结果表明不同水平上自尊的个体在以上两方面都存在一定的差异,防御性高自尊和真正性高自尊的个体仅在一些防御机制上存在差异,在人际冲突解决方式上不存在差异,而在这一点上与国外类似研究结果不同。  相似文献   

9.
关于自尊结构模型的理论建构   总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10  
张向葵  张林  赵义泉 《心理科学》2004,27(4):791-795
本文在已有研究基础上建构了自尊结构的“倒立金字塔”理论模型,该模型由潜在自尊、社会自尊和元自尊三个维度组成,它们之间的关系既是独立的,又相互协调、互相影响。自尊结构模型中的每一层结构的作用都是建立在它下一层结构作用的基础之上的,这既体现了信息加工系统的经验结构思想,又反映了人自尊系统的特性与机制,同时也更能表征自尊内在结构的驱动性、社会性与调节性特点。  相似文献   

10.
英国心理学家Evans在对他所提出的有关人类思维的"双重加工理论"进行30多年的研究过程中,其理论的名称和内涵等方面都有个不断发展的过程。就该理论的名称而言,通常称为双重加工理论,同时他还提出了双因素理论。主要与"双重加工理论"这一名称相联系的几组概念包括:类型1—类型2,启发式—分析式,不可明言加工—外显思维加工,系统1—系统2;主要与"双因素理论"这一名称相关联的两组概念是:理性1—理性2,逻辑加工—非逻辑加工。最近,他又以"两种心灵假设"为名概括他的理论内容。该文对双重加工理论在名称及相应的内涵的历史发展过程作了较为详尽的评述。  相似文献   

11.
    
In the present research, we integrated terror management theory with work on metacognitive fluency to examine how mortality concerns affect social exploration motives. We hypothesized that mortality salience would decrease desire to explore novel social interactions only when the feeling of being valued by culturally relevant others was secure. Participants (N = 328) reflected on death or physical pain, then generated 3 (metacognitive-ease) or 12 (metacognitive-difficulty) examples of past behaviors that their peers valued (vs. neutral behaviors). Metacognitive fluency was expected to enhance feelings that existing social bonds were secure. Finally, we assessed participants’ desire to explore novel social interactions. Death thoughts decreased participants’ desire to explore novel social interactions when they experienced “ease” generating examples of culturally valued behavior.  相似文献   

12.
    
The current study explores whether Asians use culture‐specific belief systems to defend against their death anxiety. The effects of mortality salience (MS) and cultural priming on Taiwanese beliefs in fatalism and karma were investigated. Study 1 showed that people believe in fatalism and karma more following MS compared with the control condition. Study 2 found that the effect of MS on fatalism belief was stronger when Taiwanese were exposed to an Eastern cultural context than to a Western cultural context. However, a matched sample of Western participants did not show increased fatalism belief after either a West‐ or East‐prime task. The present research provides evidence that Asians may use some culture‐specific beliefs, particularly fatalism belief, to cope with their death awareness.  相似文献   

13.
Age-related impairment in executive functioning has been found to explain partially the decrease of cognitive performance with aging. However, the practice of an executive test can improve performance to this test. In the present study, we investigated first how the practice of the Trail Making Test (TMT, flexibility test) may influence the age-related deficit to the performance in this test and then how the performance tended to improve, and at which pace, through the practice of this executive test. Two age groups of participants (young and older adults) practiced the TMT and were compared to two control groups (i.e., no practice between pre- and post-test). The practice groups’ scores were obtained at the end of each session. Globally, the results showed an improvement of performance (1) greater in the practice groups than in the control groups and (2) in practice groups, greater in older adults than in younger ones. Both younger and older adults progressed during the early practice sessions but the younger ones reached their optimal level earlier than the older adults who continued to improve over the sessions. These results could have a major impact on adapting cognitive stimulation programs to individual's characteristics such as age.  相似文献   

14.
    
Drawing on the upper-echelons theory and diversity issues, this study examines the relationships between top management team (TMT) organizational tenure, tenure diversity, and combat performance. The study is based on of Korea Combat Training Center (KCTC) that is designed for training and evaluation of the battalion combat power. Findings indicate that battalions with higher levels of TMT tenure have a positive effect on combat performance. Tenure diversity of TMT has a negative effect on combat performance. In addition, results showed that the negative relationships between tenure diversity of TMT and combat performance are attenuated by commander’s shared experience with other TMT members.  相似文献   

15.
    
Prey animals such as rats display innate defensive responses when exposed to the odor of a predator, providing a valuable means of studying the neurobiology of anxiety. While the unconditioned behavioral and neural responses to a single predator odor exposure have been well documented, the paradigm can also be used to study learning-dependent adaptations that occur following repeated exposure to a stressor or associated stimuli. In developing preclinical models for human anxiety disorders this is advantageous, as anxiety disorders seldom involve a single acute experience of anxiety, but rather are chronic and/or recurring illnesses. Part 1 of this review summarizes current research on the three most commonly used predator-related odors: cat odor, ferret odor, and trimethylthiazoline (a component of fox odor). Part 2 reviews the learning-based behavioral and neural adaptations that underlie predator odor-induced context conditioning, one-trial tolerance, sensitization, habituation and dishabituation.  相似文献   

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