重复知盲效应产生的机制——来自汉语叠词加工的证据

以汉语中的叠词为实验材料,对重复知盲产生机制的类型标记个体化理论和建构理论进行检验。采用RSVP研究范式,在两个实验中让178名被试口头报告列表中出现的所有汉字（全部报告）或列表中最后两个字（部分报告）。结果发现：（1）在呈现速率为128ms和198ms时,完全重复的汉字在全部报告和部分报告任务中均存在RB效应,但在部分报告任务下出现的RB相比全部报告任务的减少了,符合建构理论的假设。（2）在全部报告条件下,不仅重复刺激的正确报告率会降低,而且与重复刺激相关的非重复刺激的正确报告率也会降低。研究表明建构理论比类型标记个体化理论更能解释RB效应的产生机制。     

韩-汉跨语言词义水平的重复知盲效应*

关于语义水平的重复知盲效应一直存在争论。本研究考察非平衡韩-汉双语者在语言内和语言间词义水平的RB效应。实验1采用韩语双字词为实验材料探究韩语语言内的RB效应,结果表明在韩语词汇水平存在RB效应。实验2采用两个关键词为韩语（R1）和汉语（R2）双字词,并通过韩-汉语间隔词W的语言类型变化探究韩、汉语言间的RB效应,结果表明：不同语言类型的间隔词的正确率有显著差异,语义重复词R2在重复条件的正确率显著高于非重复条件,出现语义重复启动效应。本研究结论是：（1）在韩语语言内词水平存在RB效应,具有语言类型普遍性;（2）韩、汉跨语言语义水平出现语义重复启动效应,而未发生RB效应,表明双语者在加工韩、汉两种语言时,采用分别形式表征和共享语义表征的方式。     

关于RB效应加工水平的研究

本研究采用正字法相似的汉字作为实验材料考察了RSVP任务中的RB效应的加工水平。研究发现：(1)RB效应不仅出现在重复字中,而且也出现在正字法相似字中,但其强度弱于重复字中的RB效应;(!)在正字法相似的汉字加工中．由于加工相似字的识别错误发生在语义加工之前的阶段．因此．RB效应的产生点可能出现在记忆加工之前的知觉阶段。     

汉字加工中呈现速率对重复知盲效应的影响

实验采用RSVP任务,考察了汉字加工中呈现速率对重复知盲效应的影响,结果发现：（1）在加工汉字重复刺激时,存在着重复知肓（RB）效应,其强度随着呈现速率的变化而改变,当呈现速率较快时,正确率较低,呈现速率较慢时,正确率较高;（2）与加工英文信息比较,在汉字加工中,RB效应的出现似乎推迟了一段时间,这可能从另一方面反映出加工汉字比英文需要不同的加工时间．即加工信息的难易程度也影响RB效应出现的时间。     

汉字多音字加工过程中的重复知盲效应

以汉语中的多音字为研究材料, 采用RSVP任务, 探讨重复知盲的发生水平。采用三因素混合设计。结果是重复情况、位置和呈现时间有主效应。重复状况和呈现时间有交互效应：完全重复条件下, 呈现时间为100 ms和200 ms时都会产生重复知盲, 但同音重复和不同音重复条件下, 只有在呈现时间为100 ms时才产生重复知盲效应。结果表明：1)刺激的重复性和呈现时间是产生重复知盲的重要条件; 2)重复知盲的产生并未上升到语义加工水平, 而是处于知觉加工水平。     

语义关联性对重复知盲效应的影响：来自汉语成语的证据

重复知盲是在快速系列视觉呈现任务中对第二个重复刺激的加工缺陷。以汉语中反义字和成语为实验材料,采用全部报告任务,探讨刺激的语义关联性对重复知盲的影响。实验1以汉语单字为材料,采用单因素三水平（目标刺激之间的语义关系：无关、相同、相反）被试内设计,结果是重复字产生重复知盲效应,反义字产生语义启动效应。实验2以成语为材料,采用2（目标刺激之间的语义关系：相同、无关）×2（位置：前位置、后位置）设计,结果是语义关联性消解了重复知盲效应。结果表明：（1）反义字不产生重复知盲效应。（2）语义关联性消解成语中重复字的重复知盲效应。（3）实验结果支持竞争假设。     

非熟练中—英双语者跨语言长时重复启动效应

采用跨语言长时重复启动研究范式进一步探讨非熟练中－英双语者的记忆表征模型。被试为华南师范大学大一本科生共140名。实验自变量是语言条件（同语言和跨语言）和学习状况（学习过的和未学习过的）,实验因变量是单词判断的反应时和正确率。实验1中被试在学习和测验阶段都完成概念任务,结果表明获得了跨语言长时重复启动效应。实验2中被试在学习和测验阶段完成词汇任务,结果表明没有获得跨语言长时重复启动效应。实验3中被试在学习阶段完成概念任务,在测验阶段完成词汇任务,结果表明没有获得跨语言长时重复启动效应。实验4中在学习阶段的概念任务中呈现汉语单字词,在测验阶段的词汇任务中呈现英语翻译对等词,结果表明没有获得跨语言长时重复启动效应。总的实验结果表明,在基于内隐记忆的跨语言重复启动的范式下,非熟练中－英双语者的记忆表征支持概念表征共享、词汇表征分离的观点。更重要的是,非熟练中－英双语者需要经由汉语翻译对等词的词汇表征,才能通达英语单词的概念表征,支持了词汇连接模型的观点     

汉语同音异形词意义识别中的抑制过程

使用被试自定步速逐词阅读的移动窗口技术,考察了视觉呈现的均衡型和偏向型两类汉语同音异形词意义识别中的抑制过程。实验要求被试阅读由三个分句组成的句子。重复条件下,句子第一个分句中的一个词与第三个分句中的一个词同音异形。同不重复条件(用控制词替换重复条件下第一个分句中的同音异形词)相比,重复条件下,被试对第三个分句中均衡型同音异形词之后的第一个区段阅读时间要长,即出现重复性效应。这种效应在偏向型同音异形词中并未出现。这一结果支持VHMR模型的抑制控制模块假设。简单的抑制假设或衰退假设均无法解释上述结果。此外,上述重复性效应仅出现在阅读速度较快的被试身上。这说明正是对无关信息的高效能的抑制,使得被试表现出较快的阅读速度。     

重复刺激的末位优势效应

探讨在RSVP任务中重复刺激的呈现位置和报告方式对重复知盲效应的影响, 检验该研究提出的注意资源最优化假设和末位优势效应。实验1操作了刺激性质和重复刺激位置, 得出了刺激性质和重复刺激位置的交互效应; 实验2操作了刺激性质和情景信息, 结果是交互效应不显著; 实验3操作了刺激性质和报告方式, 出现了刺激性质和报告方式的交互效应。该结果表明: (1)由于注意资源分配的优化, 重复刺激有末位优势效应。(2)重复知盲的产生不是发生在知觉阶段, 而是发生在报告阶段。(3)注意资源分配最优化理论比建构/归因理论能更合理地解释重复知盲的发生。     

词汇判断中汉语多义词识别的优势效应

运用词汇判断任务,考察了汉语双字词识别中的多义性效应。实验一运用2个真字任意组合构成的假词（如：镜社）作填充材料,发现多义词识别的优势效应仅仅存在于错误率中。实验二运用与源真词（如：冲锋）同音形似的假词（如：冲烽）作填充材料,促使被试更多地在语义水平上做出判断,结果发现很强的多义词识别的优势效应,这种效应主要表现在低频词上。两个实验结果表明,在词汇判断中用不同的假词作填充词会影响被试的词汇判断策略,从而在不同水平上通达词义。最后,用反馈模型对实验结果进行了解释。     

RSVP任务下双刺激重复的优势与劣势

本研究探讨重复知盲发生在知觉阶段还是在记忆阶段。采用快速视觉系列呈现(rapid serial visual representation, 简称RSVP)任务, 让被试即时回忆80个词表中呈现的词。操作了词表中目标词的重复数, 分为无重复、单刺激重复(重复一对)和双刺激重复(重复两对)三种, 和目标词的情绪效价, 分为中性词和情绪词两种。结果发现, 对目标词回忆的正确率是：当目标词和非目标词都是中性词汇, 即二者的情绪效价强度相当时(实验1), 在无重复条件与双刺激重复条件下无差异, 二者均大于单刺激重复条件; 当目标词是消极词汇, 非目标词是中性词汇, 即目标刺激的情绪效价强度大于非目标刺激时(实验2), 无重复条件与单刺激重复条件无差异, 二者均大于双刺激重复条件。结果表明：(1)RSVP 任务下词表中有双刺激重复时, 如果刺激的效价强度相当, 出现重复优势; 如果目标刺激的效价强度高于非目标刺激, 出现重复劣势; (2)人们会主动分配更多的注意资源给效价高的刺激, 重复知盲产生在记忆阶段, 支持注意资源分配最优化假设。     

Repetition blindness and illusory conjunctions: errors in binding visual types with visual tokens.

Repetition blindness (Kanwisher, 1986, 1987) has been defined as the failure to detect or recall repetitions of words presented in rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP). The experiments presented here suggest that repetition blindness (RB) is a more general visual phenomenon, and examine its relationship to feature integration theory (Treisman & Gelade, 1980). Experiment 1 shows RB for letters distributed through space, time, or both. Experiment 2 demonstrates RB for repeated colors in RSVP lists. In Experiments 3 and 4, RB was found for repeated letters and colors in spatial arrays. Experiment 5 provides evidence that the mental representations of discrete objects (called "visual tokens" here) that are necessary to detect visual repetitions (Kanwisher, 1987) are the same as the "object files" (Kahneman & Treisman, 1984) in which visual features are conjoined. In Experiment 6, repetition blindness for the second occurrence of a repeated letter resulted only when the first occurrence was attended to. The overall results suggest that a general dissociation between types and tokens in visual information processing can account for both repetition blindness and illusory conjunctions.     

Repetition blindness in sentence contexts: Not just an attribution?

Selective "blindness" to repeated words in rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) occurs even when omitting these words compromises sentence syntax and meaning. The contributions of lexical and contextual factors to this repetition blindness (RB) phenomenon were evaluated using three tasks that combined RB and ambiguity resolution paradigms. During an RSVP sentence, a repeated word and matched but incongruous control were presented simultaneously, and participants were asked to report the entire sentence, including only the appropriate word. Substantial RB was evident in impaired report of repeated targets, whereas report of nonrepeated targets was enhanced when the distractor was a repeat. Experiment 2 confirmed these results with reduced reporting requirements, and Experiment 3 demonstrated the independence of repetition and sentence congruity effects. Results across all contexts support a lexical account of RB, which assumes that reactivation and identification of rapidly repeated words are impaired due to the refractory nature of lexical representations.     

Repetition blindness and bilingual memory: Token individuation for translation equivalents

The repetition blindness effect (RB) occurs when individuals are unable to recall a repeated word relative to a nonrepeated word in a sentence or string of words presented in a rapid serial visual presentation task. This effect was explored across languages (English and Spanish) in an attempt to provide evidence for RB at a conceptual level using noncognate translation equivalents (e.g.,nephew-sobrino). In the first experiment, RB was found when a word was repeated in an English sentence but not when the two repetitions were in different languages. In the second experiment, RB was found for identical repetitions in Spanish and in English using word lists. However, the crosslanguage condition produced significant facilitation in recall, suggesting that although conceptual processing had taken place, semantic overlap was not sufficient to produce RB. The results confirm Kanwisher’s (1987) token individuation hypothesis in the case of translation equivalents.     

重复知盲效应的理论之争及脑机制

重复知盲现象自被发现至今已走过四分之一世纪, 这期间重复知盲的产生机制一直是争论的焦点, 并有标记个体化理论、类型节点不应期理论、竞争理论、提取失败理论和建构/归因理论等多种理论解释。大量研究证明, 重复知盲是一种视知觉失败现象, 但也有研究认为它是一种记忆失败现象。很多研究还发现, 重复知盲不仅受到呈现时间和间隔刺激个数的限制, 还受到实验材料的性质、刺激的空间位置及人们的反应方式等多种因素的影响。近些年来, 随着ERP和fMRI等技术的利用, 从更深层次揭示了重复知盲产生的脑机制。同时, 重复知盲也作为一种实验范式应用于视觉加工领域的研究中。目前关于重复知盲仍然有很多问题值得探索。     

Spatial modulation of repetition blindness and repetition deafness

When two identical visual items are presented in rapid succession, people often fail to report the second instance when trying to recall both (e.g., Kanwisher, 1987). We investigated whether this temporal processing deficit is modulated by the spatial separation between the repeated stimuli within both audition and vision. In Experiment 1, lists of one to three digits were rapidly presented from loudspeaker cones arranged in a semicircle around the participant. Recall accuracy was lower when repeated digits were presented from different positions rather than from the same position, as compared to unrepeated control pairs, demonstrating that auditory repetition deafness (RD) is modulated by the spatial displacement between repeated items. A similar spatial modulation of visual repetition blindness (RB) was reported when pairs of masked letters were presented visually from either the same or different positions arranged on a semicircle around fixation (Experiment 2). These results cannot easily be accounted for by the token individuation hypothesis of RB (Kanwisher, 1987; Park & Kanwisher, 1994) and instead support a recognition failure account (Hochhaus & Johnston, 1996; Luo & Caramazza, 1995, 1996).     

An auditory repetition deficit under low memory load

Previous studies of the auditory analogue of repetition blindness have led to different conclusions regarding the nature of the effect (e.g., N. Kanwisher & M. C. Potter, 1989; M. Miller & D. MacKay, 1994). In the present study, recall accuracy for repeated elements was examined with lists of 2 or 3 items presented dichotically under high temporal pressure. When this procedure was used, a repetition deficit in recall was obtained for both vowels (Experiment 1) and consonant-vowel syllables (Experiment 2). Further experiments demonstrated that this deficit decreases as the stimulus onset asynchrony between the 2 critical elements increases (Experiment 3) and showed that the effect also occurs for words and not just nonsense syllables (Experiment 4). In all 4 experiments, estimations of guessing biases showed that responses to unrepeated lists were not artificially favored over responses to repeated lists.