The uninterpretability of categories on degenerated scales: A comment on howard on comparisons

Results of Howard (1980) on analogue versus category encodings of occupational status comparison judgements are shown to be compatible with an alternative scaling model that makes no assumptions about hierarchical orderings of strategies, but instead uses some local distance properties on a continuum. It is indicated that the univariate case chosen by Howard cannot be unequivocally identified from the data and assumptions given, but that some ancillary postulates and experimental results would be needed. An alternative empirical system without the properties of social status or class ratings could be a better object of study.     

Effects of practice on variability, effects of variability on transfer

Five experiments examined how practice early in skill acquisition affected variability and accuracy during skill retention (Experiments 1-5) and skill transfer (Experiments 3, 4, 5). Lag constraints required that each path from apex to base of a computer-generated pyramid display differ from some number (the lag) of immediately prior paths. Location constraints specified end points at which paths must exit the pyramid. In all experiments, an early optimal period for acquiring a variability level was identified. Both low and high levels of variability were sustained during retention; high levels facilitated transfer. The results suggest that (a) early practice that requires high variability sensitizes learners to changes in condition and (b) such perception-performance links facilitate transfer by activating appropriate alternative strategies/schema or initiating their construction.     

经验合作教学对教师课堂教学影响的实验研究

以"经验合作教学"的校本教师培训的新思路为依据,采用实验组、控制组前后测实验设计,选取初中语文和数学教师共33人,以年级学科组为单位施以为期8个月的经验合作教学干预,运用教育实验法考察经验合作教学对教师课堂教学(包括教学效能感、课堂情绪体验、教学效果)的影响。研究表明:(1)实验学校教师在一般教育效能感和教学效能感两个维度上的得分均较实验前有所提高,且个人教学效能感的提高量大于一般教育效能感;(2)实验学校教师轻松、愉快、满意的积极情绪体验的出现频率提高,失望的消极情绪出现频率降低;(3)实验学校教师在学生评价的课堂教学策略与互动、教学信息的总体把握与反馈两个维度的得分较实验前有所提高。     

Influence of training on maintenance of equilibrium on a tilting platform

To assess the influence of training on the maintenance of equilibrium on a tilting platform, 13 young healthy male athletes aged 19 to 33 years were randomly divided into experimental (n=7) and control (n=6) groups. Two experimental sessions were performed before and after a specific 4-wk. training by the experimental group. Subjects stood upright on a tilting platform. The athletes were asked to maintain the platform as horizontal as possible during a 30-sec. test. The three-dimensional movements of the platform versus the ground were recorded by using a computerized optoelectronic digitiser. The platform plane was calculated and its directrix computed. The area of oscillation and instantaneous angular velocity of the directrix at standardized height were calculated. In both groups the area of oscillation and the angular velocity were reduced in Session 2, but the reduction was significant only in the experimental group. Specific training can significantly improve skill at maintaining equilibrium in young healthy sport performers.     

Impact of cognitive absorption on Facebook on students' achievement

In the great expansion of the social networking activity, young people are the main users whose choices have vast influence. This study uses the flow theory to gauge the impact of Facebook usage on Tunisian students' achievements, with the presumption that the high usage level might reduce students' scholar achievements. The research design suggests that this impact would vary among students with different interests for the university and multitasking capabilities. Facebook usage would develop students' satisfaction with friends and family, which could enhance their academic performance. Analyses from 161 Tunisian students show that Facebook usage does not affect significantly students' academic performance and their satisfaction with the family, whereas it decreases their actual satisfaction with friends. Yet, a high level of satisfaction of the student with his family continues to enhance his academic performance. Overall, though, Facebook usage appears to do not have a significant effect on undergraduate students' academic performance. However, this interdependency is significantly moderated by the student's interest for the university and his multitasking capabilities. Students with multitasking skills and students with initial interest for the university might experience a positive effect of Facebook usage on their studies, as they keep control over their activity and make it a beneficial leisure activity. However, students who do not have these characteristics tend to not have any significant effect. Results help to understand the psychological attitude and consequent behavior of the youths on this platform. Implications, limitations, and further research directions are offered.     

宽恕干预研究述评——宽恕在心理治疗中的作用

宽恕能帮助受害者消除愤怒、减轻痛苦,修复心理创伤。在西方,宽恕已被当作干预目标应用于临床和教育领域。结果表明,宽恕干预能明显减少来访者的愤怒、抑郁、焦虑等消极的情绪体验,增加积极的心理体验,如希望和自尊。宽恕过程模型以及REACH宽恕模型是目前最具代表性的两个宽恕干预理论模型。这两个理论模型均由若干环节构成。在这些环节中,定义宽恕、回忆伤害事件、建立共情、知觉到对他人的伤害、承诺宽恕以及克服阻碍宽恕的因素是促进个体宽恕的重要环节,是在宽恕干预过程中应特别注意的地方。     

超文本节点大小对网页信息搜索效率的影响

本研究考察了超文本节点大小对网页信息搜索效率的影响效应.采用单变量被试间设计,自变量为超文本节点大小,分为130字左右、260字左右和520字左右三个水平,因变量为被试找到10个相关问题的正确答案所需的时间以及搜索过程中打开的节点个数和重复节点数.结果表明,虽然发现正确答案所需的时间随节点增大而延长,但这种影响没有达到显著的水平(p＞0.05);节点大小对被试打开的节点个数和重复节点数均有显著影响(p＜0.01).结论认为,在超文本网页设计中应充分考虑节点大小对信息搜索效率的影响效应.     

表扬对儿童内在动机影响的元分析

以儿童为被试群体,运用元分析的方法对表扬和内在动机的关系进行探讨。通过中英文献检索,共有16篇文献30个独立样本符合元分析标准(N=2339)。元分析的结果表明,表扬与动机、坚持性和自我评价成分皆呈现正向中等效应量,表扬对儿童内在动机具有促进作用。调节效应检验发现,年龄对表扬-坚持性和表扬-自我评价成分不具有显著调节作用,性别(男生比)对表扬-坚持性和表扬-自我评价成分不具有显著调节作用,文化背景对表扬-坚持性具有更显著的预测性,表现为西方文化背景下高于东方。     

A note on the influence of grouping on illusory contours

It is well known that dots superimposed on the Koffka cross change the shape of the illusory surface. It has been claimed, but never proved, that this effect is due to the shape of the virtual figure inwhich the dots organize. In this note it is proved that the shape of the virtual figure is indeed the crucial factor. In fact, the shape of the illusory surface changes if the way in which the dots organize is altered by adding other dots; if, then, the former organization is restored by adding further dots, the illusory shape is restored too, at least to a large extent.     

绘画作品欣赏中的场景效应眼动研究

对85名儿童欣赏三幅不同风格绘画作品过程进行眼动追踪,结果发现:绘画作品欣赏中存在着场景效应,场景接近现实的程度影响着对物体的知觉;场景作品中的物体特征越熟悉、越接近真实物体,越容易引起关注,成为关注热点;物体和背景之间的结构关系影响着物体的知觉。那些位置居中、比例较大,并与周围物体分离较远的物体最早最快被注视。反之,则不容易引起注视。     

颜色对基于时间的视觉选择的影响

旨在探讨颜色属性对基于时间的图形预览搜索的影响及其机制。实验采用视觉标记实验范式的变式考察三种颜色的图形刺激的预览收益。结果发现:搜索与旧干扰物相同颜色的靶子和搜索新异颜色刺激并未出现反应时的差异,而且,两者都快于搜索与新干扰物颜色相同的靶子。这说明,在图形刺激的预览搜索中,观察者没有主动抑制旧干扰物的颜色,而是主动加工新出现的刺激。还探讨了基于颜色标记的抑制机制和主动非抑制机制。     

基于混合模型（Mixed-CDMs）视角的CD-CAT及其应用研究

传统CD-CAT通常选择一个认知诊断模型（cognitive diagnosis model, CDM）标定题库参数,但在实际应用中一个CDM很难完全拟合题库中所有的题目。G-DINA模型是一般化的饱和模型,可以通过Wald统计量检验在题目水平上,比较简约模型（DINA、DINO、ACDM、LLM和RRUM）是否能够代替饱和模型（G-DINA）,并为每个题目选择一个相对最优的CDM,从而充分发挥各个CDM的优势,从而在一个题库中有的题目采用简约CDM,而有的题目采用饱和CDM,本文把这种思路称为混合模型（Mixed-CDMs）思路。基于此,本文探讨了基于混合模型的CD-CAT,并通过两个模拟研究及其应用研究验证了该方法的效果。研究结果表明基于混合模型建立的CD-CAT具有理想的效果,从而为CD-CAT在实际使用中提供了新思路和新方法。