对论及医院伦理委员会功能之论文的分析研究

检索1989年～2005年间讨论医院伦理委员会功能的论文,通过文献研究的方法,对论及医院伦理委员会功能之论文的历年篇数变化情况、发表论文地区、作者所属机构、发表刊物及所探讨的功能等几个方面进行整理、归纳、统计,并对所得结果进行分析.     

对医院伦理委员会建设的几点认识

对20年来我国医院伦理委员会建设步伐不够大进行了反思,分析了存在的主要原因;阐述了对生物医学技术的实施进行伦理审查评价的必要性;对我国医院伦理委员会的建设提出展望,对医院伦理委员会工作发表了自己的认识.     

对医院伦理委员会建设的几点认识

对20年来我国医院伦理委员会建设步伐不够大进行了反思,分析了存在的主要原因;阐述了对生物医学技术的实施进行伦理审查评价的必要性;对我国医院伦理委员会的建设提出展望,对医院伦理委员会工作发表了自己的认识。     

四川省医院伦理委员会的现状分析与对策建议

采取问卷调查的方式,对四川省55家二乙以上医院伦理委员会的建设进行抽样调查和实证分析;对比研究全国、北京地区和四川省伦理委员会建设、运行的基本情况,深入剖析问题,提出对策建议,以期为行政部门加强伦理委员会建设,充分发挥伦理委员会的政策研究、咨询服务、道德教育、伦理审查等功能提供借鉴参考和决策依据.     

关于医院伦理委员会监管研究的文献分析

检索2005年1月～2012年6月讨论伦理委员会监管问题的论文,利用文献研究的方法,对历年发文篇数变化情况、发文地区、作者所属机构、发表物、引证情况、监管内容等方面进行整理分析.结果表明,对伦理委员会监管制度的研究尚处于初始阶段,研究内容集中在监管主体、运作机制、法律法规、认证制度四个方面.     

13所上海市医院伦理委员会组织与管理现状分析

通过对上海市13所医院伦理委员会的问卷调查,分析了医院伦理委员会的组织、日常管理、伦理审核与咨询及生命伦理培训。研究结果显示,上海市医院伦理委员会的总体功能定位较好,但管理相对薄弱、运行状况差异较大。建议上海市医院伦理委员会应加强医院生命伦理培训、完善运行管理,对于区属专科医院的伦理委员会应给予关注。     

13所上海市医院伦理委员会组织与管理现状分析

通过对上海市13所医院伦理委员会的问卷调查,分析了医院伦理委员会的组织、日常管理、伦理审核与咨询及生命伦理培训.研究结果显示,上海市医院伦理委员会的总体功能定位较好,但管理相对薄弱、运行状况差异较大.建议上海市医院伦理委员会应加强医院生命伦理培训、完善运行管理,对于区属专科医院的伦理委员会应给予关注.     

医疗／医院伦理委员会

日前,我们收到联合国教育、科学及文化组织科学与技术伦理司编写的《指南1:生命伦理委员会》、《指南2:生命伦理委员会的运作:程序与政策》的中、英文文本,其内容涉及生命伦理委员会面临的挑战与任务,国家、地区、地方、行业、医院、科研机构的伦理委员会,生命伦理委员会的运作程序与决策等。为促进我国生命(医学)伦理委员会的发展与提高,我们特选择其中一些内容的中英文文本,于本刊陆续发表。     

北京地区机构伦理审查委员会现状的调查分析

通过对北京地区三级医院的伦理审查委员会进行调查统计,分析北京地区机构伦理审查委员会的现状,探索可能影响机构伦理审查委员会发展的因素并提出相应的建议.调查发现,北京地区三级医院基本都建立了伦理审查委员会,发挥了保护受试者权益和安全以及指导研究方案进行的重要作用,但是在制度建设、人才引进、成员培训等方面还有待加强.     

中国医院伦理委员会发展的回顾与思考

1987年我国学者首次提出设立"医院伦理委员会"至今,医院伦理委员会在中国的发展已经走过了而立之年,对我国医学科学研究和医学临床实践的发展发挥着重要作用。由于多种因素制约,医院伦理委员会还存在职能发挥不够完整、管理缺乏统一规章、缺乏准入、认证标准与监管机制、缺乏统一的操作规程和有效的条件保障等亟待解决的问题。建议从建构医院伦理委员会管理及运作体系和加强伦理委员会制度建设两方面着手,进一步推动医院伦理委员会的建设和发展。     

Children’s Elementary School Social Experience and Executive Functions Development: Introduction to a Special Section

Children’s executive functions, encompassing inhibitory control, working memory and attention are vital for their self-regulation. With the transition to formal schooling, children need to learn to manage their emotions and behavior in a new and complex social environment that with age increases in the intensity of social interactions with peers and teachers. Stronger executive functions skills facilitate children’s social development. In addition, new experiences in the social environments of school also may influence executive function development. The focus of this special section is on this potential impact of elementary school social experiences with peers and teacher on the development of children’s executive functions. The collection of papers encompass various aspects of peer and teacher social environments, and cover broad as well as specific facets and measures of executive functions including neural responses. The collection of papers sample developmental periods that span preschool through mid-adolescence. In this introduction, we summarize and highlight the main findings of each of the papers, organized around social interactions with peers and interactions with teachers. We conclude our synopsis with implications for future research, and a specific focus on prevention and intervention.     

Culture, Communication, and Competence: A Commentary on Variables Affecting Social and Academic Behavior

The editors of this special issue have recruited six papers focused on the ways that language and communication interact with culture to influence student behavior. Two themes that emerge from these papers are the fundamental role of communication in learning and living, and the impact of culture on the functions of communication. The present commentary is offered in admiration for the work of the authors, and with the goal of emphasizing common messages that may guide both future research and practice.     

Modes and methods of personality research

Advances in knowledge about personality will be fostered by improved research methods, but corresponding improvements in our theories will be needed also, better methods will not be enough Theory itself can have methodological functions, and some methods provide strong impetus toward greater theoretical clarity and rigor Distinctions between methodological developments in research design, measurement, and analysis need to be maintained, and we badly need more research directed specifically toward improving methodologies Some papers in this volume point quite clearly to the need for all aspects of our research to be better rationalized and deliberate, casual and opportunistic decisions about how to carry out research simply will not do These papers indicate, for example, that the trait vs situation controversy would likely never have occurred had the issues been addressed with greater methodological, and logical, rigor This volume is not complete in its coverage of the potentially useful methods for personality research, and attention should ultimately be devoted to such methods as life histories and case studies and cross-cultural comparisons In general, however, the papers in this volume offer an opportunity to raise the level of research in personality to a new plane of sophistication and revealingness     

Introduction to Special Section on Cross-Cultural Research on Parenting and Psychological Adjustment of Children

Parental factors such as control, rejection, and inconsistency have been reported as associated with psychological maladjustment. The papers in this Special Section are based on a multi-national study examining the association between these parental factors and adolescents’ psychological disorders in nine western and eastern countries, differing in family connectedness. Questionnaires assessing these factors were administered to 2,884 male and female adolescents. In this paper we discuss the parental factors and describe the methodology. We hypothesize that parental factors, family connectedness, and the association between these factors and adolescents’ mental health differ across cultures. In the papers that follow, we present the results and discuss their implications.     

Social Influences on Executive Functions Development in Children and Adolescents: Steps Toward a Social Neuroscience of Predictive Adaptive Responses

This commentary discusses the findings and implications of four empirical papers that establish a reciprocal, longitudinal link between the social environment and executive functions from childhood to adolescence. Two future directions are suggested by this work. The first is a call for measurement research to clarify the nomological network of various measurements of self-regulation and executive functions across a variety of methods and procedures. The second new direction is to broaden the analysis of executive function to include a wider array of predictive adaptive responses to various environmental conditions, including those where youth are chronically marginalized or otherwise stressed. Findings from these studies suggest that the executive functions within the brain guide adaptation in both deviant as well as competent responses to the social environment. Understanding various forms of adaptation will enhance the potential for prevention as well as avoid iatrogenic intervention strategies with misinformed targets.     

Addendum to Killeen's (2019) Bidding for Delayed Rewards

Killeen (2019) portrayed an intimate relation between diverse economic indices, in particular compensation functions, discount functions, and demand functions. The article bemused some experts, however, by its counterintuitive prediction of an increase in the amount bid as the delay increased. Furthermore, the article failed to provide an explicit treatment of the small–soon versus large–late choice paradigm, to cite several papers that provided precedent for the current work, and to demonstrate the adequacy of his expenditure functions for data on purchasing decisions. These shortcomings are remedied in the current note, and some additional extensions offered.     

ERRATA

As mentioned in the editorial, we publish here five papers introducing the small group discussions. The authors of these papers and the editorial board wish to emphasize that these papers were not presented with a view to publication, and thus they do not pretend to be independent and original contributions.

However, the editorial board regarded these papers as valuable in various ways, and they are also illustrative of some of the variations of the theme of the congress. The papers are published here in only a slightly revised form.     

Anxiety sensitivity and its impact on pain experiences and conditions: A state of the art

This paper serves as an introduction to the special issue of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy devoted to the topic of anxiety sensitivity (AS) and its impact on pain experiences and conditions. We provide a historical overview of relevant cognitive behavioural models of chronic pain, summarize recent models incorporating the AS construct, and introduce the papers in the special issue. These papers are organized into two sets – basic laboratory‐based investigations and relatively more applied studies. We attempt to highlight some of the most important findings from each of these investigations and studies, in turn. Then, we consider several important conclusions derived from the set of special issue papers and the implications of these for the practice of cognitive‐behavioural interventions with pain populations. Finally, we make several suggestions for directions for future investigations in this burgeoning area of cognitive behavioural research and practice.     

Understanding allies’ participation in social change: A multiple perspectives approach

The introduction to the EJSP special issue brings together recent literature on allyship. We present and discuss different definitions of allyship and highlight a multiple perspectives approach to understanding the predictors and consequences of allyship. This approach suggests that engagement in allyship can be driven by egalitarian and non-egalitarian motivations and that the behaviours identified as allyship can have different meanings, causes and consequences depending on whether researchers take into account the allies’ perspective or the disadvantaged groups’ perspective. We use this approach as an organizing principle to identify themes that emerge in the papers included in this special issue. We start with four papers that consider the perspective of the advantaged group, followed by two papers that consider the perspective of the disadvantaged group. Finally, we introduce two theoretical papers that examine the relations between disadvantaged groups and allies, and we set out directions for future research.     

Analysis of Citations to Biomedical Articles Affected by Scientific Misconduct

We describe the ongoing citations to biomedical articles affected by scientific misconduct, and characterize the papers that cite these affected articles. The citations to 102 articles named in official findings of scientific misconduct during the period of 1993 and 2001 were identified through the Institute for Scientific Information Web of Science database. Using a stratified random sampling strategy, we performed a content analysis of 603 of the 5,393 citing papers to identify indications of awareness that the cited articles affected by scientific misconduct had validity issues, and to examine how the citing papers referred to the affected articles. Fewer than 5% of citing papers indicated any awareness that the cited article was retracted or named in a finding of misconduct. We also tested the hypothesis that affected articles would have fewer citations than a comparison sample; this was not supported. Most articles affected by misconduct were published in basic science journals, and we found little cause for concern that such articles may have affected clinical equipoise or clinical care.