知识起源的前述谓经验之现象学澄清

在西方哲学中, 理论理性的根本问题之一就是运用逻辑阐明人类知识的来源及其性质。关于普遍必然的真理性知识的追求是柏拉图、亚里士多德和笛卡尔、康德等哲学家们自觉担当的使命。但是, 休谟的怀疑论迫使哲人们去思考“经验知识是如何构造的”问题, 即关于事物“是什么”的认识何以是可能的问题。康德的先验原理把先验逻辑划定在知性和理性的范围内, 从而把经验直观的内容 (质料 )排除在逻辑之外。胡塞尔则认为真正的知识是“述谓化”的知识, 逻辑的东西必须到直观内在体验中寻找其隐秘的起源, 这就把逻辑的东西的范围延伸到了前述谓经验的…     

胡塞尔的休谟哲学批判

胡塞尔的休谟哲学批判一方面回溯笛卡尔的“先验动机”,以笛卡尔的“先验动机”来考量休谟哲学的得失;另一方面则前瞻康德哲学,考量“休谟问题”对康德哲学的历史效应。通过这种“回溯-前瞻”的关联性分析,胡塞尔将休谟哲学织入近代哲学发展的统一性进程。因此,胡塞尔的休谟哲学批判本质上是以休谟哲学为切入点对整个近代哲学传统的系统反思。胡塞尔的休谟哲学批判的意义在于,它揭示了休谟哲学的深层意图与其经验主义怀疑论之间的根本冲突,指明了消解这一根本冲突的方向和路径,澄清了近代哲学发展的旨归,即现象学是整个近代哲学的隐秘的憧憬。     

“思”与思维着的“我”——笛卡尔和康德自我观的异同

现代哲学的逻辑起点不是独断的外在实体,而是无需前提设定而直接自明给予的自我意识。自我主体问题成为连接笛卡尔和康德的一个核心问题。笛卡尔哲学的起点是我思故我在,康德哲学的核心是先验主体的知性为自然立法。康德通过对笛卡尔自我实体性的批判而把自我逻辑功能化,     

感性的曲行性和心智的本质:黑格尔的现代知识批判

本文基于古典知识经验和现代知识经验的区分,讨论了康德先验哲学中所蕴含的知识之曲行性特征与感性直观构想间的裂隙,并在此基础上,将黑格尔哲学解释为对康德先验哲学的彻底推进。黑格尔论证了:1.经验的一切形态都是经由概念中介了的;概念构成了经验对象和对象经验的先验根据;2.不同的经验基于不同的先验概念框架,诸概念框架间存在着逻辑层级关系;3.随着先验概念框架的"升级",相应的经验对象和对象经验也会"升级",并且对象的特性越复杂,经验也会越自觉其自由、并自由地经验。黑格尔哲学可以被视为当代某种心智理论的先驱。     

本质直观是先验想象吗?

胡塞尔的想象理论上承批判哲学,下启解释学。康德体系中矛盾、摇摆的先验想象力,被胡塞尔在下降和上升两个方向上加以彻底化。这种彻底化一方面把先验想象力带到了它的原初本真状态,即作为内时间的原初被动综合,因而开启了解释学的想象力学说;一方面又在笛卡尔式的反思动机中窒息了先验想象。作为自由想象的本质直观方法,正是这种双重性的典型表现。因此本质直观是经过了特殊的经验想象折射的先验想象,是一种派生的先验想象、伪生产性想象。     

科学与自由如何兼得——浅析康德对先验主义的选择

康德哲学是德国古典哲学的奠基,它来源于对牛顿经典物理学和休谟怀疑论哲学的冲突的调和。康德借助莱布尼茨的天赋观念说来解决这一问题,这形成了康德先验主义的根源。同时,为了确保自由的不可侵犯,康德引入了不可知的物自体。物自体是康德自由概念和道德哲学的本体论基础。     

怀疑、先天综合判断和确定性——从康德与维特根斯坦的角度看

本文将认为,就针对怀疑论的反驳来看,理性派（笛卡尔）的反驳是虚假的;经验派（摩尔）的反驳带有任意性。唯有康德跟维特根斯坦的反驳具有特别的意义。维特根斯坦通过语言游戏理论对怀疑论的反驳在实质上跟康德极为类似,两人观点的不一致之处以及康德理论所忽略的东西,都可以通过维特根斯坦对康德理论的修正得到理解。     

“先验想象力”抑或“超越论形象力”——海德格尔对康德先验想象力概念的解释与批判

通过讨论海德格尔对康德先验想象力概念之批判的核心,文章强调海德格尔所理解的康德的"想象力"概念首先不是一心理学、人类学意义上的,作为一种心理、心智能力的"感性创作能力",也不仅仅是一先验哲学的,即既独立于感性经验,而又使得任何科学的经验认知成为可能的认识论意义上的"先验构想力量"。相反,相比较前两者,它更是一种渊源性的"奠基力量"或在存在论上"更为源初的‘可能性’"。     

知识的定义对于解决怀疑论问题的重要性

以笛卡尔和阿格利帕为代表的全局怀疑论的论证结构表明怀疑论暗含着对于知识之理解的三个预设:1.关于证成的内在主义观;2.关于真理的实在论;3.关于知识的不可错论,这三个预设与柏拉图对"知识"的传统定义——JTB理论是相一致的,而葛梯尔问题的提出表明这种对知识的定义是有缺陷的,从而为我们解决怀疑论问题提供了一个新的方向。     

我“X”故我在 ——读笛卡尔《形而上学的沉思》

一笛卡尔与康德不同:康德把知识与自由意志区分开,认为自由意志超越了人的理解能力。这是康德哲学的最杰出的思想,也是他超出笛卡尔哲学的最关键之处。笛卡尔则并没有像康德那样在思想内部清晰地划定理解与自由意志之间的界限,更没有从自由意志方面来理解康德所说的“自在之物”。后一个思路引出了叔本华和尼采,乃至现当代的欧洲大陆哲学。     

Wittgenstein and the Dualism of the Inner and the Outer

A dualism characteristic of modern philosophy is the conception of the inner and the outer as two independently intelligible domains. Wittgenstein’s attack on this dualism contains deep insights. The main insight (excavated from §304 and §293 of the Philosophical Investigations) is this: our sensory consciousness is deeply shaped by language and this shaping plays a fundamental role in the etiology of the dualism. I locate this role in the learning of a sensation-language (as described in §244), by showing that this learning is, under another aspect, the incision of language, namely the infliction of cuts upon certain natural-primitive unities between the inner and the outer. These cuts, driven by powerful forces, eventually harden into an entrenched division between the inner and the outer, thereby providing a constant soil for the dualism. That this dualism is rooted in the very learning of a language is cause for ambivalence about language.     

Peter McHugh and Analysis: The One and the Many, the Universal and the Particular, the Whole and the Part

This paper takes the passing of Peter McHugh as an occasion to examine the intellectual development of his work. The paper is mainly focused on the product of his collaboration with his colleague and friend, Alan Blum. As such, it addresses the tradition of social inquiry, Analysis, which they cofounded. It traces the influence of Harold Garfinkel’s Ethnomethodology on McHugh and on the beginning of Analysis. The collaboration with Blum is examined through a variety of coauthored works but most especially in the two books On the Beginning of Social Inquiry (1974) and Self Reflection in the Arts and Sciences (1984). It also examines the relation of his independent writing before 1974, and since 1984 to the expression of the tradition of inquiry as exemplified in those two texts. The paper builds on some interview material with Peter McHugh and reflects on the influence of Peter the teacher as well as the theorist McHugh. Most especially, through its engagement with this material, it seeks to exemplify the dialectic and living nature of the program called Analysis.     

Yin and Yang,and the Hot and the Cold

Yin and Yang are important concepts in ancient Chinese philosophy.Western scholars have become more familiar with these two concepts recently,but for a long time almost no one considered comparing them with their own tradition such as the ancient Greek philosophy,and especially with the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Presocratic philosophy.In this paper,I make an attempt to do exactly that,and especially make a detailed comparison between the thoughts of two ancient thinkers:Laozi and Anaximander.I discuss the thought of Yin and Yang in Laozi-who was the earliest philosopher making use of the concepts Yin and Yang-to express his cosmological thought in ancient Chinese philosophy.Comparatively,I discuss the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Anaximander,the earlier among Presocratic philosophers referring to the Hot and the Cold as fundamental concepts used to establish his cosmological system.Through this comparison,I indicate that the similarity between ancient Chinese and Western traditions is far more significant than what people are used to imagining.     

经济全球化与东西方宗教

本文认为,由于科技的高度发展,信息网络技术的普及,经济全球化已成为不可逆转的发展趋势;而经济全球化必然带来东西方宗教的种种变化。作者从传统宗教的复兴、民族宗教的冲突、宗教与政治的结缘。宗教的普世化与本色化、新兴宗教的异军突起及东西方宗教的交流与融合等６个方面分析了当前东西方宗教的这种发展趋势。     

Belief and the problem of Ulysses and the sirens

While self-contained, this paper is a sequel to my Belief and the Will (1984); see theBibliographical Note at the end of this paper for a survey of the relevant literature since then and supplementary references. I have meanwhile benefitted greatly from Brad Armendt's commentary and Richard Foley's How should future opinion affect current opinion?, both presented at a symposium at the APA Central Division, April 1993.     

Spontaneity and Self-Consciousness in the Groundwork and the B-Critique

ABSTRACT

According to some influential readings of the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, the view presented there of the kind of spontaneity we are conscious of through theoretical reason and the significance of such self-consciousness is irremediably at odds with the Critical theory, and thus roundly and rightly rejected in the second edition of the Critique of Pure Reason and the Critique of Practical Reason. This paper argues, on the contrary, that the Groundwork can be read as articulating for the first time the account of self-consciousness and spontaneity that Kant goes on to develop in the B-Critique, especially the B-Transcendental Deduction.     

Glossolalia and the psychology of the self and narcissism

A survey of the religious and psychological literature on glossolalia (speaking in tongues) reviews the various ways that have been used to try to understand this fascinating practice. At the present time an impasse has been reached: glossolalists can no longer be viewed as suffering from psychopathological disorders or from sociological deprivation. Insights derived from the psychology of the self and narcissism, as presented in the works of Heinz Kohut and D.W. Winnicott, are used to suggest new approaches to understand glossolalia.