元明清北京宫廷的藏传佛教造像艺术风格及特征

藏传佛教是印度密教与我国藏族传统文化融合而形成的地域性佛教。藏传佛教造像以藏传佛教特有的崇奉为表现对象,风格上以印度密教艺术为基本依据,同时融入了藏民族传统审美和表现手法,是雪域高原的一朵艺术奇葩。藏传佛教肇始于公元７世纪初,最初主要在西藏、青海等地的藏族聚居区传播。直到元代,随着西藏辖归内地中央政府,开始传入内地,此后在内地一直传播不衰。北京作为元明清三代的首都,始终是藏传佛教在内地传播的中心。在元明清帝王的一致崇重下,藏传佛教造像艺术活动分别在三代的宫廷开展起来,形成了各具特色的艺术风格,我…     

明武宗回教信仰考

1516年写成的波斯文史籍《中国纪行》曾记载当时有位中国皇帝秘密地信仰了伊斯兰教,但相关记述在中国史乘几佚。笔者最近发现一系列证据:文物方面从北京故宫的红彩回回文盘上重新释读出明武宗的回教署名"苏莱曼国王/ShahSuleiman",及甘肃省博物馆的回回文铜香炉的铭文;文献方面有中国和朝鲜的几份史料予以支持,如《回回馆来文》、朝鲜《李朝实录》和《清真指南》的相关记载;以及对正德圣旨的重新解读,从而形成以波斯语铭文为核心的一系列文物～文献证据链,基本可以确认《中国纪行》记载的真实性。至于他对藏传佛教的尊崇,应是在非信仰层面,即对房中术的迷恋而已。明武宗的宗教信仰应是伊斯兰教。此种历史景象的出现,凸显出中世纪中国与伊斯兰文明的交流曾达到何等的广度。     

多罗那他大师判教思想论略

藏传佛教的判教是判别佛教显密教法次第和高下的理论.多罗那他大师作为明代藏地藏传佛教觉囊派的中兴大师,他通过宗义阐释和密宗经典梳理的方式,对佛教显密教法进行了判释,立“大中观”为自派的“了义”见.这既是多罗那他大师修证体悟的结果,也是当时时代背景下回击藏传佛教其它教派诋毁、维护觉囊派独立的现实选择.     

藏传佛教觉朗派的独特教义“他空见”考

“他空见”是藏传佛教觉朗派的独特教义 ,因为它有这个特殊性 ,所以 ,藏传佛教史上对其聚讼纷纭 ,毁誉参半 ,形成了两种根本对立的观点。一种认为 ,“他空见”是无印度佛教经证的外道邪见 ;另一种则主张 ,“他空见”有印度佛教经、论的确凿依据 ,是藏传佛教绝大部分宗派的根本宗旨。振叶以寻根 ,观澜而索源。以上二种说法孰是孰非 ?下面就以印度佛教经、论为根据 ,对“他空见”追根溯源 ,寻根问祖 ,力求弄清其来龙去脉。多布巴·西饶坚赞 ( 1 2 90 - 1 36 1 )作为觉朗派的实际创宗者 ,他的成名著《山法了义海论》是藏传佛教觉朗派的开宗明义…     

藏传佛教噶玛噶举黑帽系乳必多吉活佛巡礼沙州并布施文殊窟斟议

1362至1365年间,藏传佛教噶玛噶举黑帽系第四世活佛乳必多吉巡礼西北,其间曾对敦煌的两座文殊窟进行布施。这两座文殊窟,其一应为敦煌莫高窟第61窟,其二应为瓜州榆林窟第2窟。当时蒙古豳王家族统治敦煌,推崇藏传佛教,在莫高窟、榆林窟大兴佛事,将敦煌藏传佛教的发展和石窟营建推向高潮。蒙古豳王家族成员及其境内的河西回鹘人都敬奉文殊菩萨,崇拜五台山,从回鹘文题记可以看出,他们把莫高窟第61窟和榆林窟第2窟都视作文殊菩萨的道场。藏传佛教的盛行与蒙古豳王家族对文殊菩萨的崇奉,应系乳必多吉巡礼沙州并对文殊窟进行布施的原因所在。     

尼泊尔藏传佛教会代表团访问我国

本刊讯应中国佛教协会邀请，以尼泊尔藏传佛教会会长库秀喇嘛为团长的尼泊尔藏传佛教会代表团一行四人于9月8日至18日对我国进行了友好访问，先后参访了上海。北京、西安、敦煌、成都和拉萨等地。藏传佛教会是尼泊尔有较大影响的佛教组织，它的主要成员均为藏传佛教嘎玛巴派信徒。该会会长库秀喇嘛曾担任尼泊尔佛教复兴会会长。在担任佛教复兴会会长期间，他曾先后两次来华访问，是中国佛教界的老朋友。尼泊尔藏传佛教会一贯主张对华友好，反对“达赖集团”利用宗教搞分裂中国的政治活动，反方“达赖集团”对海外嘎玛巴旅的渗透。尼泊尔藏传…     

李瑞环会见十一世班禅

希望他继承、弘扬藏传佛教的优良传统,勤奋努力,刻苦学习,为祖国、为民族、为藏传佛教事业做出自己更大的贡献     

道教尊神

道教信奉的主要神灵,有三清、四御、日月五星以及四方之神等。道教崇奉的神灵众多,天神、地祗、人鬼皆受奉祀。但尊奉的主要神灵,明代以前,屡有变化。东汉时,道教初起,奉老子为教主,以天、地、水三官为尊神。梁陶弘景《真灵位业图》,根据天经,列真七灵位,以元始天尊为最高。自六朝至唐宋,三清遂显。唐王朝以老子姓李,尊封其为太上玄元皇帝,加以崇奉。宋王朝又以传玉帝之命,宣传君权神授,累上玉皇尊号;又崇奉真武帝君。明清以降,无大变化。其主要神灵有:     

第八届藏传佛教高级学衔授予仪式在京举行

中新社北京12月5日电(记者毛立军米广弘)12月4日,第八届藏传佛教高级学衔授予仪式在北京西黄寺中国藏语系高级佛学院隆重举行。中国藏语系高级佛学院副院长那仓·向巴昂翁代表中国藏语系高级佛学院宣读了《关于给落追云旦、索南加措等 11 位僧人授予藏传佛教高级学衔的决定》。中国藏语系高级佛学院院长嘉木样·洛桑久美·图丹却吉尼玛为 11 名僧人颁发了"拓然巴"高级学衔证书。中国藏语系高级佛学院是经第十世班禅大师倡导,经党中央、国务院批准,于 1987年9月1日在北京西黄寺成立的以佛学专业为主体 ,以藏传佛教为特色, 教学和研究相结合的藏传佛教综合性院校,是藏传佛教的最高学府,也是藏传佛教学衔制度的具体实施单位。     

董其昌钟情山水画之原因探究

董其昌才华横溢,有着丰富的学养,多方面的才艺,通禅理,精鉴藏,工诗文,擅书画及理论,是文人画发展史上一位里程碑式的人物。董其昌在绘画上专长于山水,他的绘画艺术在中国山水绘画史上占有重要地位,他处在政治黑暗腐朽,宗派纷争,相互倾轧的恶劣社会环境下,只能在山水画中寻求自我心灵的释放。在其看来,绘画就是以山水来表现自我的审美心胸——游心于艺,才有了浸润着其美学旨趣的画理画论,形成了自己独特的山水画风格,不仅在当时风靡一时,对后世的影响也非常深远。     

Information in the Universe and in the Organism

There is a branch of modern medicine that relies on information rather than on biochemical substances to maintain health and cure disease. Known as information medicine, it offers an important complement to the dominant biochemical approach of mainstream medicine. This note offers a few reflections on the potentials of information medicine in reference to what is currently known regarding the role of information in the universe, and in the living organism.     

Omnipotence in the transference and in the countertransference

The concept of omnipotence refers to a primitive fantasy, a mechanism of defense, and a pathological psychic structure. Omnipotence and its derivative defensive operation, omnipotent control, are highly prevalent in borderline personality organization. Three clinical vignettes illustrate these mechanisms in the treatment of patients with borderline, narcissistic, and obsessive personality disorders, respectively. These vignettes illustrate the transference developments when omnipotence and omnipotence control are dominant, and the therapeutic approach to these conditions.     

The patient in the family and the family in the patient

The notion that the family is “the unit of care” for family doctors has been enigmatic and controversial. Yet systems theory and the biopsychosocial model that results when it is imported into medicine make the family system an indispensable and important component of family medicine. The challenge, therefore, is to provide a coherent, plausible account of the role of the family in family practice. Through an extended case presentation and commentary, we elaborate two views of the family in family medicine — treating the patient in the family and treating the family in the patient — and defend both as appropriate foci for care by family doctors. The practical problem that arises when the family is introduced into health care is deciding when to concentrate on the family system. The moral problems that arise concern how extensively doctors may become involved in the personal lives of their patients and families. The patient-centered clinical method provides a strategy for handling both problems. Thus, making the family a focus of care in family medicine can be justified on theoretical, practical, and moral grounds.     

Disequilibrium in the mind,disharmony in the body

Although it is generally acknowledged that experiences of frustration, confusion, and anxiety are embodied phenomena, very little is known about how these processes modulate presumably unconscious, but constantly present, subtle bodily movement. We addressed this problem by tracking the low-level dynamics of body movement, using 1/f noise, pink noise, or “fractal scaling”, during naturalistic experiences of affect in two studies involving deep learning and effortful problem-solving. Our results indicate that body movement fluctuations of individuals experiencing cognitive equilibrium was characteristic of correlated pink noise, but there was a whitening of the signal when participants experienced states that are diagnostic of cognitive distress such as anxiety, confusion, and frustration. We orient our findings within theories that emphasise the embodied nature of cognition and affect and with perspectives that view affective and cognitive processes as emergent products of a self-organising dynamical system (the brain) that is inextricably coupled to the body.     

明代伏牛山佛教派系考

历史上对伏牛山地区的佛教记载较散,资料较详的是在明代。当时来山修行的僧人很多,但是到现在为止还没有人对伏牛山的佛教进行过研究,笔者根据掌握的禅宗史料提出这时伏牛山佛教已经有了明显的禅宗派系特征,在这里传教修行的僧人,主要是元代禅宗断桥伦一支的浙江天目山高峰原妙及其弟子中峰明本一系,其中受四川禅宗无际明悟禅师一派的影响很大,早期来山的僧人大多数都是无际明悟的弟子与后人,可以说成立了无际伏牛山禅派一系。     

Disequilibrium in the mind, disharmony in the body

Although it is generally acknowledged that experiences of frustration, confusion, and anxiety are embodied phenomena, very little is known about how these processes modulate presumably unconscious, but constantly present, subtle bodily movement. We addressed this problem by tracking the low-level dynamics of body movement, using 1/f noise, pink noise, or "fractal scaling", during naturalistic experiences of affect in two studies involving deep learning and effortful problem-solving. Our results indicate that body movement fluctuations of individuals experiencing cognitive equilibrium was characteristic of correlated pink noise, but there was a whitening of the signal when participants experienced states that are diagnostic of cognitive distress such as anxiety, confusion, and frustration. We orient our findings within theories that emphasise the embodied nature of cognition and affect and with perspectives that view affective and cognitive processes as emergent products of a self-organising dynamical system (the brain) that is inextricably coupled to the body.     

孕育中的旅游伦理学--近年来西方国家旅游伦理研究述评

旅行和旅游是一项历史悠久的人类活动,旅游活动中的伦理问题的存在也和旅游发展的历史一样久远.二战以后,"大众旅游"经过半个多世纪的高速发展,对自然环境和社会文化的负面影响已经凸显出来,因此,旅游研究便开始关注旅游发展伦理问题;与此同时,应用伦理学研究也开始从不同的角度关注旅游发展这一新领域.