乳腺癌预后多因素研究的系统观

分析系统论在乳腺癌预后多因素研究中的指导和预见作用,阐明在临床科学研究中自觉、主动地运用系统论的科学方法,可以拓展研究思路,为乳腺癌的治疗提供新的方法;同时也提示还原法但是系统论研究的基础方法之一,而非唯一方法.在基于系统论的研究中,应当将还原法、整体法有机结合.     

以系统论分析创面修复过程中γδT细胞的作用

在创面修复过程中γδT细胞起重要作用,它们之间是系统和要素的关系.系统论是很好的研究方法,整体性、动态化、最优化等是所有系统的共同的基本特征,同时也是系统论方法的基本原则.本文以系统论的观点分析创面修复过程中γδT细胞的作用,对系统论方法在创面修复过程中γδT细胞作用研究中的应用作一初步探讨.     

用系统论指导肝硬化腹水的治疗

分析系统论方法的主要基本原则在肝硬化腹水治疗中的指导性作用。揭示在临床医学科学研究中自觉、主动地运用辩证思维方法和系统论的科学方法,可以拓展研究的新思路,从系统论的角度为疾病的诊治提供最佳方案,对促进和指导临床医学科学的研究和发展有极其重要的意义。     

从系统论看细胞因子在妊娠、分娩中的作用

应用系统论的整体性、联系性、动态性、综合性、有序性、最优化等原则,分析细胞因子对妊娠和分娩的免疫调节作用。揭示在医学科学研究中自觉、主动地运用辩证思维方法和系统论科学方法,可以拓展我们的研究思路,有助于寻求病理性妊娠可能的防治方法。     

从系统论看细胞因子在妊娠、分娩中的作用

应用系统论的整体性、联系性、动态性、综合性、有序性、最优化等原则,分析细胞因子对妊娠和分娩的免疫调节作用。揭示在医学科学研究中自觉、主动地运用辩证思维方法和系统论科学方法,可以拓展我们的研究思路,有助于寻求病理性妊娠可能的防治方法。     

从系统论分析肾病综合症的诊断治疗

分析系统论方法主要基本原则在肾病综合症诊治中的指导性作用.揭示在医学科学研究中自觉、主动地运用辩证思维方法和系统论科学方法,可以拓展研究的新思路,为疾病的诊治提供最佳方案,对促进和指导医学研究发展有极其重要的意义.     

从系统论看细胞因子在妊娠、分娩中的作用

应用系统论的整体性、联系性、动态性、综合性、有序性、最优化等原则,分析细胞因子对妊娠和分娩的免疫调节作用.揭示在医学科学研究中自觉、主动地运用辩证思维方法和系统论科学方法,可以拓展我们的研究思路,有助于寻求病理性妊娠可能的防治方法.     

早期复发性流产的系统论思考

早期复发性流产是妊娠期妇女较常见的疾病.根据系统论方法主要基本原则,分析其在早期复发性流产诊断治疗中的指导性作用.揭示在医学科学研究中自觉、主动地运用辩证思维方法和系统论科学方法,可以拓展我们的研究思路,为疾病的诊断治疗提供最佳方案.     

早期复发性流产的系统论思考

早期复发性流产是妊娠期妇女较常见的疾病。根据系统论方法主要基本原则,分析其在早期复发性流产诊断治疗中的指导性作用。揭示在医学科学研究中自觉、主动地运用辩证思维方法和系统论科学方法,可以拓展我们的研究思路,为疾病的诊断治疗提供最佳方案。     

完善自身免疫性糖尿病胰岛炎核素显像研究及其思考

回顾和综述自身免疫性糖尿病胰岛炎核素显像技术的产生、发展过程和最新研究进展.分析系统论方法主要基本原则在该技术研究进展中的指导性作用.揭示在医学科学研究中自觉、主动地运用辨证思维方法和系统论科学方法,可以拓展研究的新思路,为深入认识、改进和创造先进技术提供有效手段、为制定研究的最佳方案及优化组合提供新途径,对促进和指导医学研究发展有极其重要的意义.     

On Judgments of Approximately Equal

Although precision is often important in quantitative judgment, sometimes, it is valuable to recognize that two quantities are roughly the same. Fuzzy‐trace theory suggests that approximately equal judgments rely on gist representations (i.e., meaningful fuzzy categories of quantity). We conducted three experiments to investigate approximately equal judgments with number pairs presented in different formats, both with and without semantic content (breast cancer statistics). In each study, the ratio of the smaller divided by larger number predicted approximately equal judgments. Experiment 1 also examined how knowledge of breast cancer, presentation format (frequencies vs. percentages), and differences in gist comprehension of breast cancer information influence fuzzy equality judgments. As predicted by the fuzzy‐trace theory concept of denominator neglect, approximately equal judgments were more sensitive, as measured by signal detection theory (SDT) analyses, when presented as percentages. In both experiments with breast cancer statistics, people were more likely to judge number pairs approximately equal when they were embedded in sentences about breast cancer, and breast cancer knowledge predicted increased perception of equality, when appropriately consistent with reliable sources, and increased judgment sensitivity. In Experiment 2, a simple intervention focusing on gist meaning increased source‐consistent approximately equal judgments, increased SDT judgment sensitivity, and decreased SDT response bias. In Experiment 3, using number pairs devoid of semantic context spanning four orders of magnitude, we further examined ratio similarity. Overall, more knowledgeable judges and those who better understood the gist of meaningful numbers were more likely to judge literally different numbers as “approximately equal” rather than make precise discriminations that were meaningless. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Factors Influencing Perceptions of Breast Cancer Genetic Counseling among Women in an Urban Health Care System

The study assessed perceptions of breast cancer genetic counseling. Focus groups were conducted with twenty women (ages < = 50 years) in a Midwestern, urban health system identified as at above average risk of developing hereditary breast cancer and referred for breast cancer genetic counseling following mammography. All participants associated the words “breast cancer” with fear. African American women who received breast cancer genetic counseling may have channeled their fear into increased vigilance related to breast health. African American women who did not receive breast cancer genetic counseling were most knowledgeable about it. In contrast, Caucasian women who did not receive it reported uncertainty about the role of genetic counseling and testing in assessing breast cancer risk, mistrust in medical professionals, and lack of trust in the accuracy of genetic tests. The results could be used to help develop interventions to improve informed decision-making regarding breast cancer genetic counseling.     

The Role of Spirituality in the Lives of Mothers of Breast Cancer Survivors

Breast cancer impacts an entire family system. The mothers of breast cancer patients are likely impacted in a variety of ways by their daughters’ diagnoses. To date, few researchers have investigated the experiences and perspectives of this population. In the present study, the authors explored how mothers of breast cancer survivors managed adversities associated with this disease and illness. Using secondary data and narrative analysis, the investigators analyzed data gathered from 30 mothers. Findings indicate that participants relied on their spirituality for the management of stress and hardship related to having a loved one with breast cancer.     

The development and analysis of tutorial dialogues in AutoTutor Lite

The goal of intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) that interact in natural language is to emulate the benefits that a well-trained human tutor provides to students, by interpreting student answers and appropriately responding in order to encourage elaboration. BRCA Gist is an ITS developed using AutoTutor Lite, a Web-based version of AutoTutor. Fuzzy-trace theory theoretically motivated the development of BRCA Gist, which engages people in tutorial dialogues to teach them about genetic breast cancer risk. We describe an empirical method to create tutorial dialogues and fine-tune the calibration of BRCA Gist’s semantic processing engine without a team of computer scientists. We created five interactive dialogues centered on pedagogic questions such as “What should someone do if she receives a positive result for genetic risk of breast cancer?” This method involved an iterative refinement process of repeated testing with different texts and successively making adjustments to the tutor’s expectations and settings in order to improve performance. The goal of this method was to enable BRCA Gist to interpret and respond to answers in a manner that best facilitated learning. We developed a method to analyze the efficacy of the tutor’s dialogues. We found that BRCA Gist’s assessment of participants’ answers was highly correlated with the quality of the answers found by trained human judges using a reliable rubric. The dialogue quality between users and BRCA Gist predicted performance on a breast cancer risk knowledge test completed after exposure to the tutor. The appropriateness of BRCA Gist’s feedback also predicted the quality of answers and breast cancer risk knowledge test scores.     

Life Trajectories, Genetic Testing, and Risk Reduction Decisions in 18–39 Year Old Women at Risk for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer

This qualitative study identified four life trajectories that influenced the decision in young women to have genetic testing for mutations in BRCA1/2 and subsequent risk reduction decisions after receiving a positive mutation result. Fifty nine women between the ages of 18–39 years were interviewed in this grounded theory study, 44 of those tested were found to have a mutation in either BRCA1 or BRCA2. Of those with a mutation, 23 had no history of cancer and 21 had a breast cancer diagnosis. Analysis of the 44 participants tested found that risk reducing decisions were related to the life trajectories that preceded genetic testing. These life trajectories included: 1) Long-standing awareness of breast cancer in the family, 2) Loss of one’s mother to breast cancer at a young age, 3) Expression of concern by a health care provider, and 4) Personal diagnosis of breast cancer. Understanding possible influences behind decision making for genetic testing and risk reduction in young women may assist health care providers in offering age appropriate guidance and support.     

Predictors of physical activity among rural and small town breast cancer survivors: An application of the theory of planned behaviour

The primary objective of this study was to investigate the utility of the two-component theory of planned behaviour (TPB) in understanding physical activity intentions and behaviour in rural and small town breast cancer survivors. The secondary objective was to elicit the most common behavioural, normative and control beliefs of rural and small town survivors regarding physical activity. Using a cross-sectional survey design, 524 rural and small town breast cancer survivors completed a mailed survey that assessed physical activity and TPB variables. Physical activity intention explained 12% of the variance in physical activity behaviour (p?相似文献   

对保乳手术及预防性乳腺切除术的思考

鉴于对乳腺癌是全身性疾病的认识,为提高术后生存质量,目前乳腺癌治疗中保乳手术日益受到重视.而为了阻断高危险性的乳腺向乳腺癌发展,预防性乳房切除术也正在被患者接受.保留乳腺与预防性切除乳腺的医学实践反映了目前人们对乳腺癌的深层认识,值得深入思考.     

Using Pictures to Evoke Spiritual feelings in Breast Cancer Patients: Development of a New Paradigm for Neuroimaging Studies

This study was designed to develop and validate a method for enhancing spiritual feelings, particularly in women who have received a diagnosis of breast cancer. The protocol specifically was developed to be used in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies. Eighteen breast cancer survivors rated pictures for their ability to enhance feelings of spirituality, happiness, and sadness. Results indicate that presenting carefully selected pictures with spiritual content (e.g., nature scenes, people engaged in contemplative behaviors) can effectively enhance spiritual feelings among breast cancer survivors. Future fMRI studies will explore the use of the protocol developed in this study for investigating neural activity during spiritual feelings and states.     

Latina breast cancer survivors' lived experiences: diagnosis, treatment, and beyond

Latina breast cancer survivors are not benefiting from advances in psychosocial interventions. Despite their greater breast cancer burden, there is a dearth of information about this population. This qualitative study examined the experiences of 18 immigrant Latina breast cancer survivors along the survivorship continuum, from diagnosis to long-term survivorship. The authors conducted separate focus groups with women in the acute, reentry, and long-term survivorship stages. Through grounded theory analysis, the authors uncovered 5 themes of experience: perceptions of psychological well-being, impact of diagnosis, impact of treatment, need for social support, and development of new attitudes. Some themes were applicable across all survivorship stages, whereas others were more salient at a particular stage. Within themes, the authors identified experiences reported in the general literature (i.e., the debilitating effect of chemotherapy) and distinct cultural experiences (i.e., fear that a cancer diagnosis leads to certain death). Results suggest that treatments tailored for each survivorship stage are more likely to be effective than generic interventions. These findings have the potential to lessen health disparities in utilization of psychosocial treatments by Latina breast cancer survivors.     

Analyzing the Process and Content of Genetic Counseling in Familial Breast Cancer Consultations

A detailed examination of the process of genetic counseling has been identified as a priority area for research by previous authors. This multicenter longitudinal study examined the process and content of genetic counseling in initial consultations with women from high-risk breast cancer families. One hundred and fifty-eight consultations with women unaffected and affected with breast cancer were audio taped and transcribed verbatim. A detailed coding system was developed. Clinical geneticists and genetic counselors demonstrated consistently good practice in giving detailed information on essential aspects related to familial breast cancer such as screening and management, genetic testing, breast cancer genetics, and prophylactic surgery. Eliciting emotional concerns and facilitating communication were found to be inconsistently present. As clinical practice guidelines and the general communication literature emphasize the importance of these factors, this is an area where training in or self-monitoring of such behaviors may assist consultants to further develop these skills.