心理的动态平衡论与和谐心理构建——兼谈灾后心理辅导

人的心理是一个动态开放的系统，这个系统在运动、变化、发展中遵循从相对平衡到相对不平衡，再从相对不平衡走向新相对平衡的规律。人心理问题的实质是由于内部或外部某些因素的运动变化，致使心理系统的相对平衡状态遭到破坏，在个体内部及个体与环境之间出现的暂时相对不协调状况，属于从一种心理平衡状态向另一种心理平衡状态的过渡阶段。结合灾后心理辅导，根据动态平衡论提出了心理系统的边界调控、要素调控、途径调控和环境调控，通过个体自身的努力以及这些调控措施，让个体心理顺利地恢复到可以自我调节的动态平衡状态，或者从低级的动态平衡状态顺利地过渡到更能适应环境的高一级的动态平衡状态。     

中西两种行为动力的比较评析

古今中外对于个体行为动力的研究,存在着两种对立的观点,即:个体行为的动力源于积极的人格特征,或个体行为乃是消极的人格特征作用的结果。刘劭的"欲处上"论和阿德勒的"自卑感"论,就分别是这两种观点的代表者。本文拟在阐明两位思想家观点的基础上,通过对两者的比较评析,以探求个体行为动力的实质。     

柏拉图之人格心理思想研究及启示

通过对柏拉图思想的分析和诠释,从三个方面对其人格心理思想进行了阐述。首先从心理学角度论述了其人格心理思想的基础—理念论;其次,对柏拉图的人格结构论、理想人格、现实人格和人格类型论思想进行了阐释;再次,对柏拉图的人格心理思想进行了跨时间的比较、评论;最后,在前面分析的基础上,提出了对于创建中国本土人格心理学的三点启示。     

通向德福统一的伦理学路径

在西方伦理学中,围绕德福关系问题形成的主要理论观点有:功利论、德性论、义务论,与此相关的还有正义论。为摆脱其各自的局限性,可以将上述几种分析框架结合起来,形成综合的伦理学理论框架:道德规则的功利论,旨在按照促进人的幸福的要求选择社会的道德规则体系;道德行为的义务论,旨在将遵守具有幸福指向的道德规则作为人们无条件的道德义务;道德人格的德性论,旨在通过道德人格的提升使个体具有履行无条件道德义务所需要的德性;道德关系的正义论,旨在通过合理的社会关系的建构和调整使社会在总体上达到有德者有福,无德者无福。四个方面有机衔接,从而实现德福统一。     

心理治疗领域的本质论与社会建构论

本质论与社会建构论是心理治疗领域中两种对立倾向。本质论坚持了经验实证主义的传统,代表着心理治疗领域中的现代主义取向;这一取向把病理心理作为行为问题的本质,从个体的内部寻找产生病理心理的原因。社会建构论挑战经验实证主义科学观,认为病理心理并非一种“精神实在”,而是一种文化建构。它代表了心理治疗领域的后现代主义取向。作者认为,两种取向的对立短时间内难以消解,在目前的条件下,应开放和宽容,互补互惠。     

西方关于人格一致性研究的进展与启示

人格一致性问题是人格心理学中最活跃、也是最有争议的研究课题之一。对待人格的一致性与可变性,西方传统的人格理论持两种观点,即一致论与可变论。近年来,越来越多的研究表明,人格特质在跨时间及跨情境上具有一致性。本在综述这些研究的基础上,对人格一致性问题的争论进行了详细评价。作同时指出,要想走出人格是一致还是可变的两难境地,必须首先解决人格研究领域中的一些关键性问题。     

构念论关于心理障碍等问题的探讨

构念论是本世纪５０年代由心理学家凯利（Ｋｅｌｌｙ,Ｇ．Ａ．）提出的、在人格心理学和心理治疗领域有着重要影响的理论,本文将首先简要介绍它的基本内容,然后重点讨论它对有关心理障碍等问题的观点,最后进行简要评价。１　构念论的基本内容凯利的构念论是建立在“人...     

儿童心理理论的模块论:假设、方法与模型

模块论是儿童心理理论研究领域中主要理论取向之一。这一观点认为,儿童的心理理论能力是一种天赋的、领域特殊的心理结构,个体出生时便以模块的形式存在于神经系统,其发展是一个内部生物机能逐渐展开的过程。该文试图对儿童心理理论模块论的基本假设(天赋性和领域特殊性)、主要实验方法、重要模型(ToMM-SP模型)等进行评述,并就心理理论的天赋性与发展性、领域特殊性与领域普遍性、实验研究的方法与结果等引发争鸣的问题进行简评。     

有关镜像神经元起源问题上的争论

文章阐述了镜像神经元起源问题上的争论及其最新进展。镜像神经元的独特之处在于,它在动作知觉和动作执行两个阶段皆被激活。这一知觉和操作的匹配机制究竟是怎样形成的?遗传论观点认为镜像神经元的匹配机制是有机体适应环境的结果,由于镜像神经元具有理解他人动作意图的特殊功能,因而被自然选择,通过遗传而得到传递。联结论则主张这种匹配机制只不过是大脑皮层动作神经元对感觉刺激形成的一种条件反射,是个体经验的结果。镜像神经元的"进化-发展观"则采纳渐成论的观点,认为镜像神经元的起源和进化不可能是联结学习单独造就的,而是进化的、生物的、发展性的、社会认知方面的和基于经验的各种因素的联合作用。     

个体应对紧张情境的两种理论述评

本文对目前应对研究中形成的两大理论——特质论和过程论进行了简要综述和评论。作者认为，特质论较好地解释了应对方式选择的内在自我动因，但所坚持的应对效果先验确定的观点不利于解释应对行为的学习和改变；过程论在预见、评价、调整和控制应对方式上可以发挥较大作用，但应对过程的测量具有较大的困难，某些情况下仍然需要借助对稳定人格特征的评估。因此，两种理论有机结合，相互之间取长补短，将是应对研究的正确思路。     

The factor ‘fulfillment model’ and the concept of multivariate personality type

This paper presents a theory of personality integration as a process of fulfillment within the context of a multifactor-system dynamics theory of individuality theory provides an inventory of the invariant factors in six systems: style, value, cognition, affect, sensory and motor. Individual uniqueness exists in the form of different profiles on some 200 dimensions. Similar profiles constitute a relatively small number of personality types characterized by tendencies toward both perfection and actualization. The theory hypothesizes two major types—assimilators and accommodators. Assimilators tend to process information via the individual's high profile dimensions, whereas accomodators tend to process information via both high and low profile dimensions. In general, assimilators process information more efficiently than accommdators, but they are also less flexible and more encapsulated than accomodators in their ability to adapt to the demands of a broad range of situations. The paper includes an analysis of why the concept of type is necessary for a viable theory of personality and how the multivariate concept of personality overcomes the failures of previous conceptualizations.     

从人际关系看人格--认知-情感系统理论的视角

人格的认知—情感系统理论(cognitive-affective system theory of personality,简称CAPS)被视为是与大五人格理论齐名的一种人格理论。该文拟从个体外部的人际关系层面来阐述该理论,以加深对理论的理解。然后,又从CAPS与其它人际关系理论的契合说明该理论是一种整合性的人格理论。最后,指出了CAPS的优点和局限性,并由此对人格研究的未来发展方向进行了探讨。     

Taking parent personality and child temperament into account in child language development

Individual differences have become increasingly important in the study of child development and language. However, despite the important role parents play in children’s language, no work has examined how parent personality impacts language development. The current study examines the impact of parent personality as well as child temperament on language development in 460 16- to 30-month-old children and 328 31- to 42-month-old children. Findings from both groups suggest multiple aspects of children’s language abilities are correlated with their parent’s personality. Specifically, parent consciousness, openness, and agreeableness positively correlate with child vocabulary size and other language abilities. Results also replicate and expand research on child temperament and language – child effortful control and surgency were positively correlated, and negative affect negatively correlated with most language abilities even after controlling for parent personality. Critically, parent and child traits appear to impact a child’s language abilities above and beyond well-known predictors of language, such as age.     

Neurobiology of the structure of personality: dopamine, facilitation of incentive motivation, and extraversion

Extraversion has two central characteristics: (1) interpersonal engagement, which consists of affiliation (enjoying and valuing close interpersonal bonds, being warm and affectionate) and agency (being socially dominant, enjoying leadership roles, being assertive, being exhibitionistic, and having a sense of potency in accomplishing goals) and (2) impulsivity, which emerges from the interaction of extraversion and a second, independent trait (constraint). Agency is a more general motivational disposition that includes dominance, ambition, mastery, efficacy, and achievement. Positive affect (a combination of positive feelings and motivation) is closely associated with extraversion. Extraversion is accordingly based on positive incentive motivation. Parallels between extraversion (particularly its agency component) and a mammalian behavioral approach system based on positive incentive motivation implicate a neuroanatomical network and modulatory neurotransmitters in the processing of incentive motivation. A corticolimbic-striatal-thalamic network (1) integrates the salient incentive context in the medial orbital cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus; (2) encodes the intensity of incentive stimuli in a motive circuit composed of the nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum, and ventral tegmental area dopamine projection system; and (3) creates an incentive motivational state that can be transmitted to the motor system. Individual differences in the functioning of this network arise from functional variation in the ventral tegmental area dopamine projections, which are directly involved in coding the intensity of incentive motivation. The animal evidence suggests that there are three neurodevelopmental sources of individual differences in dopamine: genetic, "experience-expectant," and "experience-dependent." Individual differences in dopamine promote variation in the heterosynaptic plasticity that enhances the connection between incentive context and incentive motivation and behavior. Our psychobiological threshold model explains the effects of individual differences in dopamine transmission on behavior, and their relation to personality traits is discussed.     

老子的水性人格理论及其现实意义

老子认为,人性是源于道的朴,具有主动性、柔弱性、复归倾向和自我意识。水性兼具人性和道性。圣人的人格是水性人格,其结构包括“食母”需要、质朴的自我意识和柔弱处世三个组成部分。在环境无条件的积极关注之下,个体通过致虚守静和以“重静”规约“轻躁”的努力,就可以形成水性人格。老子的水性人格理论,对于人格理论的构建和健全人格的培养都具有一定的启示价值。     

心理学视角下的医患关系

医患关系是医患双方心理及行为的交往和互动关系。其个体心理属性包涵双方的性格、情感、动机、期望及行为方式。影响医患关系的社会心理因素主要是医患双方角色意识的差异与归因偏差、医患双方的认知心理偏差及社会舆论的心理导向作用。从心理建设的角度,提出了构建和谐医患关系的措施。     

组织内信任对员工建言行为的影响研究

知识经济对创新的追逐对组织员工的自主性及创造性提出了更高的要求。在学术界,包括进谏行为在内的员工角色外行为研究近来备受关注。进谏行为是不囿于身份的,以改善为目的,以变化为导向的言语行为。以社会交换理论为基础,通过对苏南地区379名企业员工的问卷调查,研究探索了组织内信任对进谏行为的影响。结果发现,对同事信任、直接上级信任和组织信任均能促进员工进谏,且对直接上级信任部分地通过对组织信任影响员工进谏。研究还发现,员工进谏行为与其自评的任务绩效存在正相关。     

大学生自我同一性状态与“大五”人格、因果取向的关系

通过对536名大学生的问卷调查,采用结构方程模型考察了大学生的自我同一性状态与"大五"人格、因果取向之间的关系。结果发现,(1)"大五"人格和因果取向均是大学生自我同一性状态的重要预测因素,能在较大程度上解释大学生所处自我同一性状态(特别是同一性获得状态和扩散状态)上的差异;(2)因果取向在"大五"人格对自我同一性状态的影响中起重要的中介作用。     

Interactions With Men and Whites Matter Too

We propose that individual differences in personality should be studied during periods of environmental change because these periods provide an opportunity to discern the general mechanisms that govern the functions and processes of personality. We delineate the circumstances wherein personality differences are accentuated and then specify the conditions whereby change is produced. Personality differences are likely to be revealed during transitions into unpredictable new situations, when there is a press to behave but no information about how to behave adaptively. Dispositional differences are thus accentuated as each person seeks to transform novel, ambiguous, and uncertain circumstances into familiar, clear, and expectable social encounters. Our theory also accounts for turning points in behavioral development: Systematic change is likely to occur during transitions into new situations, when there is a press to behave and when previous responses are actively discouraged while clear information is provided about how to behave adaptively.