标准参照测验分数体系的探讨研究

随着考试事业的发展,标准参照测验（Criterion Referenced Test,CRT）也越来越多地受到人们的关注,但是它却陷入了用常模参照测验的方法来解释和报告分数的误区。该文从国内外重大标准参照测验CET-4＆CET-6、HSK、GRE、CLEP等分数体系入手,通过对其分数体系的共同点分析,探讨出适合于标准参照测验的分数体系,最后指出目前一些测验的分数体系仍然存在的问题。     

An individual differences additive model: An alterating least squares method with optimal scaling features

An individual differences additive model is discussed which represents individual differences in additivity by differential weighting of additive factors. A procedure for estimating the model parameters for various data measurement characteristics is developed. The procedure is evaluated using both Monte Carlo and real data. The method is found to be very useful in describing certain types of developmental change in cognitive structure, as well as being numerically robust and efficient.The work reported here was partly supported by Grant A6394 to the first author by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.     

消费行为研究中的联合分析法

联合分析(Conjoint Analysis)是一种定量的研究消费者选择偏好的方法。虽然从它诞生到现在只有40年的历史,但它对消费者行为学的影响很大,它的发展更是日新月异。文章首先介绍了联合分析的基本概念,然后重点阐述了联合分析的原理、步骤和发展历程,最后对联合分析的发展方向作了一个简要概括。     

A Monte Carlo investigation of conjoint analysis index-of-fit: Goodness of fit,significance and power

Researchers in the field of conjoint analysis know the index-of-fit values worsen as the judgmental error of evaluation increases. This simulation study provides guidelines on the goodness of fit based on distribution of index-of-fit for different conjoint analysis designs. The study design included the following factors: number of profiles, number of attributes, algorithm used and judgmental model used. Critical values are provided for deciding the statistical significance of conjoint analysis results. Using these cumulative distributions, the power of the test used to reject the null hypothesis of random ranking is calculated. The test is found to be quite powerful except for the case of very small residual degrees of freedom.The authors thank the editor, the three reviewers and Ellen Foxman for helpful comments on the paper. Sanjay Mishra was a doctoral student at Washington State University at the time this research was completed. He is currently in the Department of Marketing at the University of Kansas.     

Teens on the Internet—commercial application of a deconstructive analysis of ‘teen zine’ features

This paper presents the authors' approach to understanding drivers of interest for teen e‐zines (Internet magazines). The paper shows how a deconstruction of the current set of e‐zines provides the raw material for a conjoint measurement study, whereby the elements are mixed and matched in order to create new test concepts. From reactions to those test concepts one can identify four newly emerging segments: the ‘indifferents’, the ‘adults in training’, the ‘media and me’ and the ‘talk and celebrate being a teen’. Deconstruction applied to the competitive frame provides both a deeper understanding of the e‐zine landscape and input for newer and better e‐zines that are targeted to specific mindsets. Copyright © 2003 Henry Stewart Publications.     

A two-stage algorithm for assessing violations of additivity via axiomatic and numerical conjoint analysis

An algorithm for assessing additivity conjunctively via both axiomatic conjoint analysis and numerical conjoint scaling is described. The algorithm first assesses the degree of individual differences among sets of rankings of stimuli, and subsequently examines either individual or averaged data for violations of axioms necessary for an additive model. The axioms are examined at a more detailed level than has been previously done. Violations of the axioms are broken down into different types. Finally, a nonmetric scaling of the data can be done based on either or both of two different badness-of-fit scaling measures. The advantages of combining all of these features into one algorithm for improving the diagnostic value of axiomatic conjoint measurement in evaluating additivity are discussed.     

Additive utility without restricted solvability on every component

It is shown that restricted solvability need not be required to hold w.r.t. every component for deriving the existence of additive utilities: additive representations can be shown to exist even when restricted solvability holds w.r.t. only two components. In such cases, the uniqueness property of these representations departs from the classical theory in that it is between ordinal and cardinal.     

Evaluating Turkish university students’ preferences for mental health therapists: A conjoint analysis approach

Due to fast-paced cultural and societal changes in Turkey, Turkish students now accrue both eastern and western cultural motives, which place Turkish students under stress. However, Turkish students have a stigma toward seeking mental health services. The current study aimed to use conjoint analysis to examine Turkish students’ preferences for mental health therapist variables regarding seeking help for adjustment problems to life in college. Students from two universities in Turkey were recruited on a volunteer basis to participate in this study (N = 235). The results indicated that the training institution, age, professional background, geographical region and gender significantly influence students’ formation of preferences for mental health therapists. The training institution had the most predominant effect on preferences. Implications for promoting help-seeking and mental health service utilization in Turkey are discussed.     

Consistency measures for pairwise comparison matrices

We propose new measures of consistency of additive and multiplicative pairwise comparison matrices. These measures, the relative consistency and relative error, are easy to compute and have clear and simple algebraic and geometric meaning, interpretation and properties. The correspondence between these measures in the additive and multiplicative cases reflects the same correspondence which underpins the algebraic structure of the problem and relates naturally to the corresponding optimization models and axiom systems. The relative consistency and relative error are related to one another by the theorem of Pythagoras through the decomposition of comparison matrices into their consistent and error components. One of the conclusions of our analysis is that inconsistency is not a sufficient reason for revision of judgements. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Nontransitive Decomposable Conjoint Measurement

Traditional models of conjoint measurement look for an additive representation of transitive preferences. They have been generalized in two directions. Nontransitive additive conjoint measurement models allow for nontransitive preferences while retaining the additivity feature of traditional models. Decomposable conjoint measurement models are transitive but replace additivity by a mere decomposability requirement. This paper presents generalizations of conjoint measurement models combining these two aspects. This allows us to propose a simple axiomatic treatment that shows the pure consequences of several cancellation conditions used in traditional models. These nontran- sitive decomposable conjoint measurement models encompass a large number of aggregation rules that have been introduced in the literature.     

Conjoint schedules of timeout deletion in pigeons.

This experiment attempted to bring behavior under joint control of two distinct contingencies, one that provided food and a second that extended the periods during which that food was available. Pigeons' responses on each of two keys were reinforced according to a single random-interval schedule of food presentation except during signaled timeout periods during which the schedule was temporarily disabled. By means of a conjoint schedule, responses on the initially less preferred key not only produced food but also canceled impending timeouts. When behavior came to predominate on this conjoint alternative, the consequences of responding on the two keys were reversed. Responding in 3 of 4 pigeons proved sensitive to the conjoint scheduled consequences, as evidenced by systematic shifts in response rates favoring the conjoint key. In 2 of these 3 pigeons, sensitivity to the conjoint contingency was evident under time-in:timeout ratios of 2:1 (time-in = 120 s, timeout = 60 s) and 1:5 (time-in = 30 s, timeout = 150 s), whereas for the other pigeon preference for the conjoint key was observed only under the latter sequence of conditions. There was only weak evidence of control by the conjoint scheduled consequences in the 4th subject, despite extended training and forced exposure to the conjoint alternative. The overall pattern of results is consistent with studies of timeout avoidance but also shares features in common with positively reinforced behavior.     

Spatial and conjoint models based on pairwise comparisons of dissimilarities and combined effects: Complete and incomplete designs

In pairwise multidimensional scaling, a spatial representation for a set of objects is determined from comparisons of the dissimilarity of any two objects drawn from the set to the dissimilarity of other pairs of objects drawn from that set. In pairwise conjoint scaling, comparisons among the joint effects produced by pairs of objects, where the objects in a pair are drawn from separate sets, are used to determine numerical representations for the objects in each set. Monte Carlo simulations of both pairwise dissimilarities and pairwise conjoint effects show that Johnson's algorithm can provide good metric recovery in the presence of high levels of error even when only a small percentage of the complete set of pairwise comparisons are tested.     

Conjoint therapy and domestic violence: Treating the individuals and the relationship

Domestic violence is a common complaint encountered by counselling psychologists and other mental health professionals. Common psychological treatment practices separate perpetrators and victims into individual intervention modalities. However, there is some research that has been emerging that suggests in some cases a couples treatment approach may be a useful adjunct to existing treatments. The present paper examines research and considerations in making the decision to employ a conjoint approach to treating domestic violence issues.     

Axiomatic and numerical conjoint measurement: An evaluation of diagnostic efficacy

Synthetic data are used to examine how well axiomatic and numerical conjoint measurement methods, individually and comparatively, recover simple polynomial generators in three dimensions. The study illustrates extensions of numerical conjoint measurement (NCM) to identify and model distributive and dual-distributive, in addition to the usual additive, data structures. It was found that while minimum STRESS was the criterion of fit, another statistic, predictive capability, provided a better diagnosis of the known generating model. That NCM methods were able to better identify generating models conflicts with Krantz and Tversky's assertion that, in general, the direct axiom tests provide a more powerful diagnostic test between alternative composition rules than does evaluation of numerical correspondence. For all methods, dual-distributive models are most difficult to recover, while consistent with past studies, the additive model is the most robust of the fitted models.Douglas Emery is now at the Krannert Graduate School of Management, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, on leave from the University of Calgary.