不同年龄广告名人效应的心理加工机制研究

本研究从自动化加工和控制性加工这个视角研究了名人效应的心理加工机制。实验运用加工分离程序,探讨了不同年龄阶段的受众对名人广告的信息加工模式。结果发现：(1)名人效应是一个普遍存在的现象,与用一般消费者做代言人相比,青少年、成年人(大学生)以及老年人对名人广告均明显存在更多的自动化加工,且加工水平没有年龄差异。但是,老年人的控制性加工明显低于其他两组;(2)在非注意条件下,代言人的专业化程度明显地影响了大学生组的控制性加工,但与各组被试的自动化加工都关系不大。这些研究发现为广告策略的制定带来了一些新的启示。     

PATTERNS OF EXPERIENCE AND THE ACQUISITION OF CONSERVATION OF LENGTH

The effects of five procedures on the acquisition of conservation of length were studied. A Müller-Lyer illusion was used to induce apparent changes in length in the test- and practice-situations. Two procedures involved practice on addition-subtraction, one a progressive increase in the strength of the Müller-Lyer illusion, and one the anticipation of the outcome of displacements of the objects. A fifth procedure was a composite of the other four. The results showed some acquisitions in all groups, with highest frequency in the anticipation group, and lowest in the increase-in-illusion group.     

JUDGMENTS OF SEXISM: A COMPARISON OF THE SUBTLETY OF SEXISM MEASURES AND SOURCES OF VARIABILITY IN JUDGMENTS OF SEXISM

We compared the subtlety of four measures of sexism and sources of variation in male and female psychology students' judgments that beliefs from these scales and everyday behaviors were sexist. Participants judged traditional gender role and hostile sexist beliefs as more sexist than benevolent and modern sexist beliefs, indicating the latter were more subtle measures of sexism. Participants also judged traditional gender role behaviors as more sexist than unwanted sexual attention, suggesting the latter may less readily be identified as sexist. Variation in judgments of beliefs as sexist was related to differences in likelihood of endorsing such beliefs. This relation fully accounted for the tendency for men to be less likely to judge beliefs as sexist in comparison to women. Endorsement of Modern and Hostile Sexist beliefs was related to judgments of behaviors as sexist. The implications of the results for scale usage and identifying sexist behavior are discussed.     

儿童对客体运动速度的认知发展——5—11岁儿童比较匀速直线运动光点速度的实验

本研究的目的是继续探讨不同年龄儿童对运动速度认知发展的水平和特点。被试为5—11岁儿童共205人,每组28—30人。采用个别实验。主试改用仪器显示在三种不同条件下的两个光点的等速匀速运动。令儿童比较它们的运动速度。每做完一个项目后不管儿童回答是否正确都要求他们说明理由。 实验结果表明:1)本实验条件下儿童对光点运动速度的认知同对玩具小汽车速度的认知有大体相同的发展趋势和年龄阶段的特点。2)本实验中儿童对光点速度的认知在以下几方面有别于对玩具小汽车运动速度的认知:a.从8岁起儿童依据两个光点之间的距离判断速度的人次随年龄增加。b.当儿童不能整合时、空因素时,空间因素的优势作用有减弱的趋势。3)较大儿童能采取各种策略主动解决问题。     

ON THE EFFECTS OF NONCONTINGENT DELIVERY OF DIFFERING MAGNITUDES OF REINFORCEMENT

We conducted a parametric analysis of response suppression associated with different magnitudes of noncontingent reinforcement (NCR). Participants were 5 adults with severe or profound mental retardation who engaged in a manual response that was reinforced on variable-ratio schedules during baseline. Participants were then exposed to NCR via multielement and reversal designs. The fixed-time schedules were kept constant while the magnitude of the reinforcing stimulus was varied across three levels (low, medium, and high). Results showed that high-magnitude NCR schedules produced large and consistent reductions in response rates, medium-magnitude schedules produced less consistent and smaller reductions, and low-magnitude schedules produced little or no effect on responding. These results suggest that (a) NCR affects responding by altering an establishing operation (i.e., attenuating a deprivation state) rather than through extinction, and (b) magnitude of reinforcement is an important variable in determining the effectiveness of NCR.     

SOME NORMATIVE IMPLICATIONS OF KORSGAARD'S THEORY OF THE INTERSUBJECTIVITY OF REASON

Abstract: This article argues that Christine Korsgaard's conception of self‐constitution can be historicized by considering the impact of actual humans on our reflective activity. Because Korsgaard bases her argument on a philosophy of action rather than of intention (as Kant does), and our actions must always be concrete, the article argues that the principles for action which we develop in reflection are likewise responses to concrete human demands. It further interprets the types of demands humans make on each other as the expression of historical circumstance rather than as transcendentally anchored. The notion of universal respect that reflection seeks to achieve is thus seen as developing by a self‐correcting process of concrete human interaction. Finally, the article concludes that there can be no metaphysical proof of morality, since morality develops through human interaction that seeks to approximate the idea of respect for persons.     

大学生自尊发展的特点

采用自编《大学生自尊评定问卷》,探讨1104名大学生自尊发展的特点。结果表明：（1）随着年级的增长大学生自尊呈稳定发展趋势,重要感、胜任感、归属感三个维度上表现出显著的年级差异。（2）大学生自尊发展存在着显著的性别差异,男生发展水平显著高于女生,性别差异主要体现在归属感维度。（3）文科生外表感维度得分显著高于理科生,独生子女、城市学生以及学生干部在自尊总分及其三个维度得分显著高于非独生子女、农村学生以及非学生干部。     

语义启动效应的脑机制研究综述

文章主要介绍了语义启动的过程及其脑机制的研究进展。启动效应是内隐记忆的研究焦点,而语义启动是通过刺激的语义特征来研究启动效应的。语义启动的脑机制研究一般是通过脑损伤、脑成像和ERPs等方法实现的。研究表明,大脑的广泛区域都参与着语义启动过程,尤其是脑前区和大脑的左半球。     

THE PROPERTIES OF DISTRIBUTIONS OF MAGNITUDE ESTIMATES OF LOUDNESS AND SOFTNESS

JOHN, I. D. The properties of distributions of magnitude estimates of loudness and softness. Scand. J. Psychol. 1971, 12, 261–270.–Distributions of magnitude estimations (MEs) of loudness and softness made by ten Ss to ten repetitions of ten stimuli were examined. Skew and relative variability of the distributions of MEs of individuals Ss was inconsistent with hypotheses advanced by Stevens & Guirao (1962) and Eisler (1962). The results were interpreted as consisted with Eriksen & Hake's (1957) subjective standard hypothesis, and a tendency to use large numbers with relatively greater consistency than smaller numbers. A reciprocal relationship was not found between MEs of loudness and softness.     

痛成分的心理学研究

近年来.疼痛原理的研究有了迅速的发展,最近提出了针刺对痛的不同成分的影响问题。关于痛的问题,至今尚没有它的科学定义。十九世纪以前,有人把痛看作是紧密地和不愉快的情绪相联系的;自本世纪以来,痛是感觉的观点占了优势。人们都承认痛不同于视、听等感觉,因为它还带有明显的情绪色彩。心理学和生理学教科书中,一方面说痛     

情绪的脑单侧化研究进展

通过对情绪的脑单侧化研究及相关理论模型的回顾和梳理,阐明右脑模型、效价模型、趋近—回避模型以及行为唤起/抑制系统模型等情绪加工理论的内在联系及各自优势与局限。最后,对情绪的脑单侧化研究的未来予以了展望。     

FOK产生机制的再验证

通过用有意义联系和无意义联系的两种中文词对作为识记材料,在以前实验研究基础上,进一步验证关于FOK(Feelingof Knowing)产生机制的两种理论假说,即靶项日记忆强度假说(或靶项目提取可能性假说)与线索熟悉性假说。实验结果表明,靶项目记忆强度和线索熟悉性程度都能决定FOK判断等级的高低,说明两种假说并非绝对对立,非此既彼。但此二因素都需达到一定程度,才能显著影响FOK判断等级的高低。     

IDENTIFICATION OF BRIEF PRESENTATIONS OF FACIAL EXPRESSIONS OF AFFECTS IN SCHIZOPHRENICS

Two experiments were designed to test information extraction capacity from briefly shown photographs depicting simple familiar objects and facial/affective stimuli. Photographs were presented tachistoscopically at six exposure times, 1 sec, 200 msec, 40 msec, 20 msec, 4 msec, 2 msec, to chronic schizophrenic patients, general medical patients, and nonpatient control subjects. Experiment 1 was conducted using the number of correct responses (true scores) and experiment 2 using the number of trials taken (error scores) to identify the target stimuli, as the dependent measures. In experiment 1, schizophrenics did not differ from general medical patients but both were inferior to nonpatient controls in identifying brief visual stimuli. However, in experiment 2, schizophrenics required significantly more trials than general medical patients, who in turn required significantly more trials than nonpatient controls in identifying brief visual stimuli.     

课堂教学效果的心理学评价方法

本项研究把课堂教学看成一个动态系统。在广泛收集资料和运用特尔斐法进行调查的基础上,又经两次因子分析处理,得出问卷量表。用此量表在62名初中数学教师所教的1937名学生中取得数据。经多因素统计分析,提出课堂教学的五个子系统和二十五项心理因素的可靠性;突破了以往研究的局限性;探讨了课堂教学结构心理因素的数量化和预测教学效果的可能性;增强了评议课堂教学质量的客观性。     

VIOLATIONS OF BRANCH INDEPENDENCE IN JUDGMENTS OF THE VALUE OF GAMBLES

Abstract —Branch independence is weaker than Savage's "sure thing" principle. It requires that judgments of gambles with a common outcome produced by the same probability-event must not reverse order when that common outcome is changed. Subjects judged 168 gambles from viewpoints of both buyer (highest buying price) and in both viewpoints. Violations also changed systematically between viewpoints, consistent with the theory that viewpoint affects configural weighting but not the utility function. Violations of branch independence were opposite those predicted by the model of cumulative prospect theory. The middle of three equally likely outcomes received the most weight in the seller's viewpoint. In the buyer's, lower outcomes received greater weights. In both viewpoints, the ratio of weights of the middle outcome to the highest outcome exceeded the ratio of weights of the lowest outcome to the middle outcome.