应激研究发展的若干思考与展望

参照Seyle对生理应激反应的阶段划分,可将心理反应分为三个阶段;琐事研究把应激源的研究推向了极致,应从只关注被动应付,转向应激研究的积极方面,加强对复原力的关注;应对方式是个体用于处理应激事件的策略与方法,本质上是一种工具,而不是个体的特质.     

应激对风险和社会决策的影响

应激是有机体在受到真实或者潜在的威胁刺激时所表现出来的全身性非特异性反应, 伴随着紧张和焦虑的心理体验, 交感神经系统的兴奋, 糖皮质激素分泌的增多以及脑干−边缘系统−前额叶神经环路的改变。应激对个体在风险决策行为中的风险寻求和风险回避倾向, 社会决策行为中的利己和利他倾向都会产生重要影响。策略使用异常、习惯化和自动化反应增强、反馈学习过程以及奖惩敏感性的改变是应激影响决策行为的认知基础; 应激激素的分泌, 及杏仁核、前额叶等在决策过程发挥重要作用的脑区活动的改变则为应激作用于决策行为的神经基础。未来研究应重点关注：应激的个体差异与应激对决策影响效应多样性的关系; 综合多种指标对应激进行测量; 考察应激的时序效应; 揭示个体的最佳应激水平; 加强对慢性应激影响决策以及应激对决策影响效应可逆性的研究; 揭示应激影响决策的神经机制。     

急性应激损伤错误监控与错误后调整

生活中, 个体会时时关注自己的行为结果并及时做出调整以适应环境的变化。但在应激下个体能否有效地监控行为并做出适应性调整依然未知。本研究招募了52名男性大学生被试, 将其随机分入应激组与控制组, 采用特里尔社会应激测试(Trier Social Stress Test, TSST)诱发个体的应激反应, 并结合错误意识任务(Error Awareness Task, EAT)探索个体急性应激下的错误监控与错误后调整过程。应激指标的结果显示应激组个体在应激任务后唾液皮质醇、心率、应激感知自我报告和负性情绪均显著高于控制组, 表明急性应激的诱发是成功的。行为结果显示应激组的错误意识正确率显著低于控制组, 错误意识反应时显著短于控制组; 进一步地, 应激组个体在意识到错误之后的试次上正确率显著低于未意识到错误之后的试次, 并且应激组个体在意识到错误之后的试次上正确率低于控制组。结果表明急性应激降低了个体对错误反应的监控水平, 即便在辨别出错误反应的情况下, 个体的行为监控与调节也更差。本研究说明急性应激会损伤行为监控系统, 导致个体的行为适应性下降。     

工作应激与个体归因特点关系的研究

工作应激一直是组织行为中的热点问题,但综观前人研究,很少有研究者从归因的视角揭示其产生过程。本研究从个体的应激源感受性出发,探讨了个体归因特点与其工作应激的关系,建构了相应的模型,并结合压力管理问题,对研究进行了有益展望。     

积极组织行为学视角下的双重应激管理模式

积极组织行为学的兴起, 为偏向消极应激预防与控制的传统应激管理模式提供了新的思路。应激源对个体而言是中性的, 如果个体对之进行积极评估, 认为应激源可以维持或提升其幸福感, 则引发的反应既是积极应激反应。组织不仅应当注重应对消极应激, 还应当注重诱发和品味积极应激。应对消极应激与品味积极应激并重的双重应激管理模式, 是组织进行应激管理的较好选择。     

特里尔社会应激测试技术的介绍以及相关研究

由于能有效地诱发个体的应激反应,特里尔社会应激测试(Trier Social Stress Test,TSST)在实验室研究中受到普遍的应用。为了探测应激情境下的中央控制系统,蒙特利尔脑成像应激任务(Montreal Imaging Stress Test,MIST)对特里尔社会应激测试进行了发展和改进,为研究者提供了脑成像的研究手段。研究者基于此两种方法而进行了一系列有关应激的研究成果,在此基础上,作者提出了在中国开展实验室应激研究的可行性和初期研究方向。     

急性应激与风险倾向：兴奋易感性的调节作用

为探索应激对决策的作用机理及其个体差异,减少工程作业中因应激导致的决策失误,本研究采用特里尔社会应激测试和气球模拟风险任务考察应激反应与应激下风险倾向的关系,并探索兴奋易感性在其中的调节作用。研究结果表明,应激下个体的皮质醇反应越大,行为越冒险。且这一作用受到兴奋易感性的调节：兴奋易感性较高的个体,应激下皮质醇反应越大,行为越冒险;而兴奋易感性较低的个体,其皮质醇变化不能预测风险倾向。该发现提示了兴奋易感性在应激影响中的重要作用,也为高压岗位的人员选拔提供了科学启示。     

急性应激影响工作记忆的生理心理机制

急性应激是机体面对外界环境变化所产生的一系列生理和心理反应, 对认知加工, 尤其是核心的工作记忆能力产生深远影响, 然而以往的研究存在大量不一致的结果。从应激诱发方式、工作记忆加工子成分、个体差异等三个方面系统阐释应激影响工作记忆的生理心理机制, 并结合认知神经机制的框架, 可以更好地理解以往的结果。未来研究应综合考虑应激诱发、认知任务和响应个体等方面的差异对应激带来的影响, 并关注急性应激负面影响的干预与调控。     

急性应激障碍（ASD）研究述评

急性应激障碍是个体在亲历、目击或面临一个对自己或他人具有死亡威胁、严重伤害的创伤事件后的2天至4周内所表现的应激反应。急性应激障碍的症状主要表现为分离、再历、回避和过度警觉。文章回顾了以往的相关研究,从急性应激障碍的测评方法、发生率、与创伤后应激障碍和创伤记忆的关系、心理治疗和干预等方面进行了综述。最后对未来可能的研究方向提出了展望     

急性心理性应激对自我参照记忆的影响

已有研究表明急性心理性应激会导致个体的自传体记忆受损,然而急性心理性应激如何影响个体加工当前的自我相关信息,还没有研究结论,本研究旨在丰富和拓展这一领域的研究,从而更加全面深入的了解急性心理性应激对自我相关信息的影响。本研究将自我参照记忆的R/K(记得/知道)范式与特里尔社会应激测试(Trier Social Stress Test:TSST)相结合,考察59名处在不同急性心理性应激状态下的被试自我参照记忆的成绩。结果发现高应激反应组自我参照的R回忆率值显著低于低应激反应组,研究结果发现,被试在特里尔社会应激测试过程中的急性心理性应激反应越强,自我参照的R回忆率越低。结果表明急性心理性应激会抑制个体对当前自我相关信息的加工,削弱了自我参照记忆。     

Shopping as a coping behavior for stress

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the effectiveness of diversion buying for stress release. Diversion buying was examined by survey, and it was found that women engaged in it more often than men. In Experiment 1, diversion buying was divided into an expenditure factor and an acquisition factor, in order to examine which was more effective for stress release; both had a significant main effect. The effectiveness of the acquisition factor was confirmed in Experiment 2. In Experiment 3, the expenditure factor was divided into the amount available for expenditure and the amount spent, in order to examine the effectiveness of each. It was shown that a certain amount of expenditure was needed for stress release; however, a high expenditure rate (spending most of the money) did not relieve stress.     

Nearby nature as a moderator of stress during childhood

The aim of this investigation is to study the relation between the amount of nature existing in children's daily environments and the way children deal with stressful events. Every day, children are exposed to situations that cause stress. Taking into account previous studies, it is thought that the greener the place where children spend their time, the better they cope with adversities. Thus, when comparing the stress level of children who are exposed to the same amount of adverse situations, the children who have more frequent daily contact with nature will show less stress than those who do not spend time in nature. This effect from nearby nature is called a buffering effect. The present study provides empirical evidence of the buffering effect caused by the existence of Nature in the residential and the school environment. Therefore, our results show that children who have more access to nature increase their resilience, showing a lower stress level than children whose contact with nature is less frequent.     

Differentiability of Kruskal's stress at a local minimum

It is shown that Kruskal's multidimensional scaling loss function is differentiable at a local minimum. Or, to put it differently, that in multidimensional scaling solutions using Kruskal's stress distinct points cannot coincide.     

A Comprehensive Model of Entrepreneur Role Stress Antecedents and Consequences

Purpose  The aim of this study was to systematize findings in role stress research into original and conceptually important abstract higher-order constructs and to develop and test a comprehensive structural equation model that examined such expanded conceptualizations of antecedents and consequences to entrepreneur role stress. Design/Methodology/Approach  Model tests were performed on data from a sample of 282 Swedish entrepreneurs (a usable rate of 22.5%) engaged in their first-year of venture activities. We used structural equation modeling, mediation tests and tests for common method bias to test the appropriateness of the model. Findings  We found that role stress can be explained by expansions of lower-ranked, less abstract constructs embedded in a multiple-indicator model of venture technology, venture environment, and entrepreneur personality. The analysis confirmed that role stress is an important mediator and that it has pronounced relationships to expanded conceptualizations of role-related rewards and exhaustion. Implications  This study advance role stress theory and existing knowledge about entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship when it introduces role stress and suggests it mediates the effects from personality traits, organizational and environmental characteristics, on higher-order conceptualizations of rewards and exhaustion. Originality/Value  With contributions from several distinct disciplines over a half decade, prior research has not paid much attention to show how role stress research can benefit from more abstract conceptualizations and empirical evaluation. By synthesizing and developing expanded higher-level conceptualizations that link diversities, we show that expanded conceptualizations effectively enable to introduce role stress to entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship.     

应激心向对女性急性应激条件下工作记忆的影响

为了探讨急性应激对工作记忆的影响,本研究引入应激心向的概念。实验1验证了社会性评价冷压测试的可靠性以及应激对工作记忆的影响,并探讨了急性应激条件下一般性应激心向与工作记忆的关系,结果发现,在急性应激条件下,女性的一般性应激心向不影响工作记忆的表现。实验2通过视频诱发被试的情境性应激心向,发现应激有利心向组比应激有害心向组在工作记忆任务中的表现更好,且应激心向得分与任务的准确率成正相关。研究表明女性在应激条件下的工作记忆表现会受具体应激心向的影响。     

汉语语句重音的分类和分布

通过两个独立进行的重音标注实验对汉语语句重音的分类和分布进行了初步探讨。实验l是由60位普通被试参加的音节重音突显度的知觉实验。实验2是由本文三位作者参加的重音类别标注实验,在此实验中语句重音被划分为节奏重音和语义重音。实验2中对于语句重音的分类性标注结果得到了实验l中普通被试对音节重音突显度知觉结果的支持,这说明人们确实能够感知到两种不同类型的重音。实验结果还表明,节奏重音倾向于出现在较大韵律单元内的最末韵律词的末音节上,并且与适当的停延相伴生,语义重音的分布则与语句的韵律结构的关系不大。     

Dynamic approaches to emotions and stress in everyday life: Bolger and Zuckerman reloaded with positive as well as negative affects

A decade ago, Bolger and Zuckerman (1995) incorporated personality into the study of daily life events and psychological distress. Their approach put an entirely new cast on research and theorizing in this area. In their work, they focused on the predominantly negative personality trait of Neuroticism. In this article we extend their work to include theory and measurement of positive events and indicators of well-being. Integrating these research strands offers the possibility of a comprehensive yet highly sensitive and dynamic approach to the study of emotions, stress, and health in everyday life.     

特质正念与控制点调节日常生活中知觉压力对消极情绪的影响

考察日常生活中知觉压力对消极情绪的动态影响,检验特质正念的调节作用,并进一步探索正念的调节作用是否在不同控制点的个体中存在差异。共有95名在校大学生完成正念注意觉知量表（MAAS）,罗特控制点量表（LOCS）,并通过动态评估的方式,完成每天2次,持续14天的在日常生活情境中针对知觉压力和消极情绪的密集型追踪测量。多层线性模型结果表明：（1）在个体内水平,个体某一时刻的知觉压力可以显著预测个体下一时刻的消极情绪;（2）个体的正念水平越高,日常生活中知觉压力对消极情绪的预测力越低;（3）个体越倾向于内控,日常生活中知觉压力对消极情绪的预测力越低;（4）个体越倾向于外控,正念对日常生活中知觉压力影响消极情绪的调节作用越强。本研究验证了正念对日常生活中压力反应的保护作用,并提示外控者在面临压力时更有可能从正念中获益。     

Ernest Dichter's fur coat models: Fashioning a therapeutic culture

Discussions of the rise of therapeutic culture have tended toward the abstract, in part due to a focus on theory. This article looks at the case of Ernest Dichter's motivational research, particularly a study conducted on fur coats in the late 1950s, to locate this broader cultural shift more materially. Motivational research was a broad project of study that aimed to uncover unconscious consumer desires using the tools of psychology and psychoanalysis. This project materialized culture first through the pen-and-paper projective test created for the study, which sorted styles of fur into different classifications of womanhood, and second through the fur coats themselves, which were granted by Dichter a psychological agency of their own in their relationship with middle-class women. Through this study, Dichter observed a shift in Americans' understanding of the self, a movement away from meeting physiological needs to addressing their inner lives; changing economic conditions had granted more income and free time with which to look inward, and Americans wanted consumer goods to aid in such self-discovery. Dichter suggested that the fur industry capitalize on this change by emphasizing the versatility of fur and the role of objects more generally in fostering creative self-expression. The advertising office was where theory was put into practice. In that way, it is a uniquely generative though often overlooked space from which to look into the rise of the therapeutic culture.     

Stress within a bicultural context for adolescents of Mexican descent

Folkman and Lazarus's theory of stress and coping was used to develop a measure assessing the perceived stress within a bicultural context. Middle school students of Mexican descent (N = 881) reported their perceived stress from intergenerational acculturation gaps, within-group discrimination, out-group discrimination, and monolingual stress. Although immigrant youths reported more total number of stressors, U.S.-born youths reported more stress from needing better Spanish and impact of parents' culture. Immigrant youths reported more stress from needing better English in school. Higher stress was associated with more depressive symptoms for both U.S.-born and immigrant youths. Although this study has identified some elements of stress, it has not identified positive coping mechanisms of the bicultural context for Latino youths.