从“幻影”到“器官”:胡塞尔C手稿中的身体构造学说

自梅洛-庞蒂在《知觉现象学》中对身体所作的卓越分析以来,身体已经成为现象学研究中的核心概念之一。今天,它已经越出了它所从出的领域,正在为人文科学、社会科学乃至自然科学带来新的视角,注入新的动力,例如,我们既可以看到以现象学意义上的身体概念为基础或受其启发     

从“拟人归因”到“联盟建立”：人与聊天机器人关系对参与度的影响

随着人工智能(Artificial Intelligence, AI)技术的迅猛发展, AI聊天机器人可模拟人类指导以改善在线自助干预(Internet-based Self-help Interventions, ISIs)中用户的参与度及疗效。然而,学界对聊天机器人作用机制的探索尚处初期阶段。因此,为加深对这一问题的理性认识,文章基于人机关系的视角提出了适应ISIs情境的理论模型：聊天机器人可与用户经历拟人归因、功利性价值判断、发展依恋关系、建立数字治疗联盟(DigitalTherapeuticAlliance,DTA)这4个阶段来逐步发展人与聊天机器人关系(Human-ChatbotRelationships,HCRs),并通过HCRs提高用户参与度。未来研究可继续丰富HCRs的相关理论并检验其内在机制,基于HCRs理论来设计聊天机器人,深入考察影响HCRs的额外变量,统一参与度的操作定义并开发适合的参与度测量工具。     

情景知觉中的信息界定:从主观预期到“惊奇”算法

情景信息加工是情景知觉研究领域内的核心问题。然而,不同的研究者对"情景信息"的界定并不相同。在过去80多年的时间里对情景信息的界定先后经历了研究者主观确定、观察者评估、基于情景物理特征的计算模拟等方法。Itti和Baldi等人通过比较先验概率和后验概率之间的差异,提出了"惊奇"理论。文章介绍了真实情景知觉研究中"惊奇"理论的应用及进展,并指出"惊奇"算法的拓展及界定、情景知觉过程中的注意转换与"惊奇"的关系,以及社会情景知觉中的"惊奇"应用可能是未来相关领域需要进一步探索的问题。     

“从已知到未知”:设计创新中的重生美

创新是设计本质的要求,也是时代的要求。但设计创新不是简单的创造出新的事物,而是基于一定的目的和宗旨,真正地为设计主体服务的新的设计活动。再设计和改良设计所带来的设计中的重生美,同样是基于设计主体的需要、市场的需要、科学技术的支持以及创新的设计手法。设计重生所引发的对设计本质的思考、对人性化的思考以及对社会发展的思考,都是设计创新所带来的正面意义,设计师也应该从设计本质出发,使设计从已知到未知,享受设计创新所带来的重生美。     

从“政治人”到“生态人”:思想政治教育中人学范式的转换

传统思想政治教育作为社会政治系统中的有机组成部分,面对的对象是处于“社会政治生态”中的人,即“政治人”的价值身份.在工业社会危机日益凸显的困境下,现代思想政治教育中的“人”应走向以自然、社会和个体生命互为生态性存在的“生态人”.“生态人”的提出与实现,推动了思想政治教育中人学范式的转换.     

老年社会护理机器人“欺骗”问题的伦理审视

老年社会护理机器人其拟人化特征涉及的欺骗性问题始终存在争议。批评者坚持认为机器的拟人化所带来的一切都是假象从而不断质疑护理机器人的欺骗属性,辩护者认为拟人化特征是促进人机融合的必备要素但却未提供有力的合理性证明。聚焦人机多个主体的协调融合,揭露背后欺骗即是背叛,进而为护理机器人不会也不应该存在欺骗补充了有力的证据,并从完善用户知情同意、加强用户自主权、制造商承担举证责任等方面提出防范“欺骗”风险的路径,为辩护的开展提供新的研究视角和可行出路。

     

从动作模仿到社会认知：自我-他人控制的作用

在社会互动中, 人们具有自动模仿他人动作的倾向。尽管这种自动模仿有利于个体理解他人动作的感受, 但有时也会与自身的动作意图产生冲突。因此我们需要将自身动作意图与他人动作进行区分并调控二者之间的冲突。这种能力被称为自我-他人控制(self-other control, SOC)。与动作模仿控制相同, 心理理论、观点采择和共情等更高级的社会认知同样涉及对自我和他人信息的加工。很多证据表明, SOC可能是一种领域普遍的(domain-general)加工机制, 即在动作模仿控制和其他社会认知中, 大脑对自我和他人双方信息的区分和冲突调控共用同一套SOC系统。最近一些研究发现, 相比于抑制自身优势反应的抑制控制(inhibitory control), SOC是社会认知中一个更为关键的影响因素, 抑制控制对社会认知的作用受到SOC的调节。此外, SOC的领域普遍性提示我们, 未来可以通过简单的动作模仿控制训练, 来为社会认知受损个体(如孤独症和述情障碍者)进行康复训练。     

从食物到它物——“Food Design”的新浪潮

近年来,随着生活质量的提高,国人也开始逐渐重视起食物设计来。从食物到它物,也可从从它物到食物,怎么设计是设计方法的问题,但食物设计的核心是研究食物与人、食物与社会的关系,并没有一成不变的设计方法,完全可以根据具体的设计需求来定。未来食物设计的方向应更多地偏向于这两个方面:一是以市场为主导的食物消费设计,这类的食物设计偏向于商业的行为,主要目的是愉悦大众、制造感觉、诱导消费;一是对于食物关系的深入研究,主要以高校实验性设计研究为主。当今中国的食物设计方兴未艾,在北京、上海都举办过相关的展览,食物设计具有很好的发展潜力。     

算法拒绝的三维动机理论

算法拒绝意指尽管算法通常能比人类做出更准确的决策, 但人们依然更偏好人类决策的现象。算法拒绝的三维动机理论归纳了算法主体怀疑、道德地位缺失和人类特性湮没这三个主要原因, 分别对应信任、责任和掌控三种心理动机, 并对应改变算法拒绝的三种可行方案: 提高人类对算法的信任度, 强化算法的主体责任, 探索个性化算法设计以突显人对算法决策的控制力。未来研究可进一步以更社会性的视角探究算法拒绝的发生边界和其他可能动机。     

人机交互中空间指令的特点及其与个人特质的关系

为探索人-机器人交互中空间指令的特点,及其参考框架偏好与空间能力、共情能力、社会技能等个人特质的关系,将102名大学生随机分为不同交互组(人/机器人),分析比较两组被试在完成一系列桌面任务时使用的空间描述类型、视角特征描述类型等方面的差异。结果显示：(1)空间描述类型偏好与具体的空间任务有关,但总体上被试偏好运用参考框架;(2)人-机器人交互中被试对机器人的心智判断,使两组空间指令存在一定的“合作者效应”;(3)总体来看,个人的空间能力与参考框架的运用有关,共情能力与观点采择有关。     

Apology versus defense: Antecedents and consequences

Participants imagined themselves in face-threatening predicaments in two studies that examined the reproach and evaluation phases of predicament management. In Study 1, participants gave accounts of their behavior after receiving hypothetical reproaches that were mild/moderate or severe. Results showed that reproach severity influenced perpetrator accounts in opposite ways for females and males. Male perpetrators became more defensive under severe reproach, whereas females became less defensive. Expectations for a future relationship were more negative under severe reproach, and this was more pronounced when the victim was an acquaintance rather than a friend. Individuals high in Self-Determination were less defensive under mild/moderate reproach, but not under severe reproach. In Study 2, participants gave evaluations after receiving hypothetical accounts that varied in responsibility-taking. Results showed that greater responsibility-taking led to more positive victim evaluations and better expected future relationships. The advantage of responsibility-taking was especially pronounced when the perpetrator was a friend, suggesting that friends are forgiven more than acquaintances when they take responsibility and apologize, but not if they fail to do so. Results are interpreted in terms of reciprocal facework and thresholds for face threat.     

Job insecurity in Finland: Antecedents and consequences

Abstract

Trends towards more unpredictable and flexible labour markets are often presumed to fuel feelings of job insecurity among employees, especially the threat of losing one's job. The aim of the study was to examine the prevalence, antecedents, and consequences of job insecurity in a representative sample of Finnish wage and salary earners (N = 3503) gathered in 1990. One out of ten respondents felt the threat of lay-off, dismissal, or unemployment. According to hierarchical regression analysis, perceived job insecurity was best explained by positional factors, especially earlier unemployment experiences and the temporary nature of the employment relationship. The role of demographic factors predicting job insecurity was strikingly minor. Variance and regression analysis confirmed the negative effects of perceived insecurity on work and health behaviour found in previous studies. Social support was found to have a light moderating effect in alleviating the negative effects of job insecurity. Thus, job insecurity was a psychological stressor with adverse effects for a sizeable proportion of the employees.     

组织成员地位的形成及影响机制

组织成员地位通常是指组织内个体受组织其他成员尊重和钦佩的程度,是近些年备受关注的一个心理学构念。虽然组织成员地位与权力、阶层、面子、基于组织的自尊等概念具有一定的关联性,但它们之间存在着明显的界限。组织成员地位主要受到外在显性因素(形体特征、人口统计特征)、内在心理因素(人格、认知、情绪、行为)以及神经生理因素(睾酮激素、皮质醇激素)的影响,并能够对组织成员的认知、情绪、行为和绩效产生显著的影响。未来研究应当进一步区分组织成员地位的维度,探索组织成员地位的生物学基础和文化差异,关注组织成员地位的动态演化及其后果,并检验团队和组织层面地位分布的作用机制。     

Selection of strategies for narrowing choice options: Antecedents and consequences

This study investigates the antecedents (task and decision maker characteristics) and consequences (set size and decision quality) of prescreening strategy selection. In Experiment 1 we investigated which strategy, inclusion or exclusion, is more natural for narrowing choices in tasks with a single correct answer; about 70% of the participants selected exclusion. Experiment 2 directly contrasted correct answer tasks with personal judgment tasks, using the same foils for the two tasks. Participants were more likely to use exclusion for items with a correct answer than for personal judgments. In Experiment 3, participants could choose different strategies for different items and rated the difficulty of each item. The greater the perceived difficulty of an item, the more likely participants were to choose an exclusion strategy. In all three experiments exclusion led to larger set sizes, across task type and experimental design. There were no differences in decision quality as a function of strategy selection after correcting for set size. Individual differences based on personality inventories were not found to be good predictors of strategy selection, but had moderate effects on set size for personal judgment tasks. Results are discussed in terms of a status quo bias for adding or deleting options from an initial reference frame.     

I feel our pain: Antecedents and consequences of emotional self-stereotyping

According to Intergroup Emotions Theory people categorized as group members experience the emotions of their ingroup as a consequence of that membership. Four experiments showed that participants converged toward what they believed to be their specific ingroup’s distinct emotional experience when reporting emotions as group members, but not when reporting emotions as individuals. Such self-stereotyping of ingroup emotions occurred for an experimentally fabricated ingroup as well as a range of naturally occurring groups. Demonstrating the roots of this process in categorization, self-stereotyping was increased when motivations to affiliate were amplified and was moderated by ingroup identification. The adoption of ingroup emotions changed participants’ cognitive processing in a predictable way, demonstrating that emotional self-stereotyping involved the experience rather than merely the expression of group-based emotions. Self-stereotyping of ingroup emotions is thus one mechanism by which group-based emotions are shared and can be changed.     

Antecedents and consequences of emotional display rule perceptions

Central to all theories of emotional labor is the idea that individuals follow emotional display rules that specify the appropriate expression of emotions on the job. This investigation examined antecedents and consequences of emotional display rule perceptions. Full-time working adults (N = 152) from a variety of occupations provided self-report data, and supervisors and coworkers completed measures pertaining to the focal employees. Results using structural equation modeling revealed that job-based interpersonal requirements, supervisor display rule perceptions, and employee extraversion and neuroticism were predictive of employee display rule perceptions. Employee display rule perceptions, in turn, were related to self-reported job satisfaction and coworker ratings of employees' emotional displays on the job. Finally, neuroticism had direct negative relationships with job satisfaction and coworker ratings of employees' emotional displays.     

Trajectories of depressive symptoms during emerging adulthood: Antecedents and consequences

In order to examine what kinds of trajectories of depressive symptoms young adults show during emerging adulthood, and their antecedents and consequences, 297 university students completed the revised Beck's depression inventory seven times over a 10-year period, and other measures at the beginning and the end of the study. The growth mixture modelling for depressive symptoms ended up in a 3-group solution: 23% of the participants were typified by a low level of symptoms, 61% showed a moderate level, and 16% fell into the third group with high and increasing levels of depressive symptoms during emerging adulthood. Those on the high-depressive trajectory had a poorer quality of relationships, and they reported more pessimistic and avoidant strategies at the beginning of the study than the others. Moreover, later on, they suffered more from burnout, earned less, and used more dysfunctional strategies.     

Antecedents, correlates, and consequences of sexual jealousy

The paper presents a social-psychological approach to the empirical study of sexual jealousy, after surveying the philosophical, sociological, anthropological, psychoanalytic, and nonscientific literature on the subject. The social-psychological approach focuses on the environmental and situational factors that cause people to act in a jealous manner. One hundred and three men and women varying in age, length of relationship, and relationship style responded to a specially designed sexual jealousy inventory. Results indicated that jealousy is a negative physiological, emotional, and mental state, experienced at least at some point of their lives by all the subjects in the study. Numerous antecedents, correlates, and consequences of jealousy were investigated and discussed. Fifty-four percent of the subjects described themselves as “a jealous person” even when they had good situational reasons to feel less secure in the relationship and to experience jealousy, and even though this dispositional self-attribution has negative consequences for coping.