景颇族初中生的民族社会化觉察及其特征

民族社会化觉察是指少数民族孩子对父母向他们传递的有关民族特征信息的认知。采用问卷调查、情境实验和故事补全任务考察景颇族初中生对母亲传递的民族社会化信息的觉察及特征。结果表明：(1)景颇族初中生觉察到的民族社会化信息包含促进和睦、文化社会化、促使不信任和偏见准备; (2)景颇族初中生对不同信息的觉察存在差异, 对促进和睦的觉察显著多于文化社会化和偏见准备, 对促使不信任的觉察最少; (3)在冲突情境中, 有无偏见线索影响被试对偏见准备的觉察; (4)被试的民族社会化觉察存在性别差异, 女生更多地觉察到促进和睦, 男生更多地觉察到促使不信任。整个研究表明, 青少年的民族社会化觉察存在着文化差异, 与美国少数族裔青少年觉察到母亲偏重于传递文化社会化、偏见准备不同, 景颇族初中生觉察到母亲偏重于传递促进和睦。     

基于职业的内隐年龄偏见

本研究针对119名大学生,采用内隐联想测验(Implicit Associa-tion Test,IAT)和相应的外显报告法,考察大学生针对不同职业的内隐与外显年龄偏见。结果表明,在大学生中普遍存在基于职业的内隐年龄偏见;职业年龄偏见是双向的,即有的职业偏好年轻人,有些职业偏好年长者;而且有些被试的内隐和外显态度存在不一致性。     

化解民族冲突的策略——民族接触与相互依存

如何消除民族偏见与歧视,进而减少民族冲突？一方面,民族接触理论认为,在民族接触与冲突之间存在着某种负相关,即个人接触越多,冲突就越少;另一方面,相互依存的观点则从对历史与现实的资料的分析出发,指出种族间的暴力很少会在相互依存已经变成制度化的地方爆发     

道德两难判断中亲属关系的认知研究:来自ERPs的证据

采用事件相关电位技术,考察个体在道德两难情境下对不同亲属的加工特征及其亲属偏见效应。道德两难情境中的主人公为被试的两个亲属(父亲、叔父)和一个熟人,要求被试阅读道德两难情境故事后,对是否愿意救助故事中主人公作出判断。结果发现,直系亲属(父亲)比旁系亲属(叔父)和熟人诱发了更大的P2和LPC平均波幅,而旁系亲属与熟人之间并无显著差异。研究表明了个体对直系亲属更为关注和敏感,表现出明显的亲属偏见效应。     

论民族偏见对民族认知的影响

民族偏见在民族心理中是一个很遍普的现象。它不但对民族情感、民族意识等方面发生影响,而且对民族认知也有很大的影响。在民族偏见的形成过程中,有民族认知的参与,民族偏见反过来对民族认知起导向作用;由于刻板印象在二者中所发生的作用,民族偏见可能导致民族认知发生晕轮效应,从而简化认知活动的过程,使民族思维变得狡窄和僵化;民族偏见是文化的偏见,民族认知也是一种文化的认知。由于民族文化在二者中的参与和影响,民族偏见在一定民族文化差异的情境下,对简化式的民族认知活动有强化作用。     

面孔再认能力性别差异的实验研究

采用“学习—再认”范式,以有或无外部特征的不同性别面孔照片为材料,研究面孔记忆的性别差异,结果表明：（1）有外部特征时,女性被试对不同性别面孔的记忆成绩均好于男性被试;无外部特征时,女性被试与男性被试的记忆成绩不存在性别差异;（2）比起男性照片,女性可记忆更多的女性照片,表明女性在面孔记忆中存在自我性别偏见;男性也是可记忆更多的女性照片,存在反向的性别偏向;（3）无论被试性别和照片性别,均是有外部特征的面孔照片的记忆效果更好;有外部特征的情况下,女性的自我性别偏见更明显。     

对体胖者的社会性偏向：本土化视角的探索

通过三个研究从本土化视角探索人们对体胖者的社会性偏向特征。研究1采用访谈法和问卷法获得了被试对体胖者的刻板印象内容；研究2使用情感温度计和AMP范式对体胖者的外显与内隐偏见进行了测量；研究3通过情境测量对比人们在不同生活情境中对体胖者的行为反应。结果表明，中国被试对体胖者的刻板印象内容提名以高热情特质为主，刻板印象评价呈现低能力为主的特征；人们对体胖者没有外显偏见，但存在一定内隐偏见；社会生活情境中体胖者可能遭遇歧视，对女性体胖者的歧视程度更高。总体上，人们对体胖者的社会性偏向表现出复合性的本土化特征。     

消解社会偏见和话语权的共享

社会偏见广泛存在于我们的社会生活之中,对于社会良序交往、社会平等的达成构成严重威胁。社会偏见源自自我认同的局限、自我观念的普遍化倾向与自我利益的不当最大化。社会偏见将导致社会话语的剥夺,主要表现为制度剥夺与文化剥夺。社会偏见的存在会加深社会利益群体固化,阻碍社会认同,危及国家治理的合法性。消除社会偏见、实现社会话语共享,就必须为社会成员参与公共生活搭设桥梁,充分保障人们的"社会可得能力",培育社会共享文化。     

双重身份下女性对抗性别偏见的回应行为

偏见不是一种单方面的社会心理现象, 而是偏见持有者、偏见对象、旁观者等多方相互作用和共同建构的结果。当女性在作为受害者和旁观者两种不同身份时, 她们对性别偏见持有者的回应既有相同之处, 也存在着一些差异。压力应对模型和对抗偏见反应模型可作为适应女性双重身份下对抗偏见的两种解释模型, 在面对偏见持有者时, 不同身份下女性对性别偏见的回应行为主要受到乐观、代价/收益、痛苦水平和女权主义等因素的影响。未来研究应进一步聚焦对抗性回应行为的效度争议、对内隐性别偏见持有者的干预和拓展想象接触的替代作用。     

7—11岁汉族、傣族、景颇族儿童概念形成的比较研究

本实验是对7—11岁昆明汉族、瑞丽汉族、傣族和景颇族共190名儿童所作的概念形成的比较研究。实验结果指出:1.儿童概念形成随年龄增长而不断提高。表现在两个方面:(一)所形成的概念水平提高;(二)概念形成中被试所采取的假设—检验策略水平的提高。2.文化环境对儿童概念形成的影响是明显的。在不同性质的五个项目实验中,所有年龄阶段,昆明儿童成绩均高于瑞丽三种民族儿童,差异在某些项目的某些年龄阶段是显著或者非常显著,在瑞丽地区由于三种民族环境条件也有差异,在五个实验项目中,数列和词义关系两项实验出现了显著性的差异。文章分析了产生差异的原因:(一)学校教育;(二)家庭教育;(三)社会意识等方面。     

Intergroup aggression: its predictors and distinctness from in-group bias

Investigated predictors of intergroup aggression and its relations to in-group bias. In a questionnaire, 156 Israeli adults reported perceptions of their own religious group and of the ultraorthodox Jewish out-group and expressed aggression toward the ultraorthodox (opposing institutions that serve their needs, supporting acts harmful to them, and opposing interaction with them). Respondents showed in-group favoritism in trait evaluations, but this bias was unrelated to aggression. Perceived inter-group conflict of interests, the postulated motivator of aggression, predicted it strongly. The effects of conflict on aggression were partially mediated by 2 indexes of dehumanizing the out-group (perceived value dissimilarity and trait inhumanity) and by 1 index of probable empathy with it (perceived in-group-out-group boundary permeability). These variables related to aggression more strongly among persons who identified highly with their in-group. The variables also mediated the effects of religious group affiliation on aggression. The value dissimilarity finding supports derivations from belief congruence theory.     

Intergroup perception as a compromise between in-group bias and fair-mindedness

Previously, perceived competence of and attraction toward targets categorized by race showed in-group bias and no bias, respectively. Consequently, previous investigators regarded intergroup perception as a compromise between the norms of in-group bias and fair-mindedness. An alternative hypothesis for such findings is that attraction is not as relevant a dimension for intergroup discrimination as is competence. To test contrasting predictions of these hypotheses, the present authors asked participants from the majority and minority groups in Singapore (ns = 320) to evaluate either competence of or attraction toward one of the five targets. Consistent with the hypothesis that intergroup perception is a compromise, both dimensions yielded a uniform but weak in-group bias. The participants' equating of the in-group with one out-group further illustrated fair-mindedness. The authors discussed implications of the findings.     

Differentiation in Understanding One's Own and the Adversary's Identity in Protracted Intergroup Conflict: Zionism and Palestinianism

This study examines the meaning of identity for in-group and out-group members in protracted intergroup conflict, and the extent of differentiation people show in understanding in-group and out-group national identity. Based on the differential familiarity hypothesis, it was hypothesized that group members will show more differentiation when referring to in-group than to out-group identity. Based on the established relationship between cognitive complexity and political ideology, it was hypothesized that supporters of conciliatory political parties will demonstrate more differentiation when referring to in-group and out-group identity than supporters of nonconciliatory parties. These hypotheses were confirmed in a study that asked Arab and Jewish high-school students in Israeli schools about the meaning of Zionism and Palestinian identity.     

Looking down and ramping up: The impact of status differences on effort in intergroup contexts

This paper examines how the status of an out-group impacts effort in intergroup settings. The results provide evidence that people work harder when their individual performance is compared to a lower, as opposed to higher, status out-group member. Moreover, comparisons to a lower status out-group were found to elicit motivation gains as these participants worked harder than participants in the control (Studies 1-3) or in-group comparison conditions (Studies 2 and 3). In Study 4, evidence for the role of threat as an underlying mechanism was provided as gains in effort for those compared with a lower status out-group member were eliminated when participants self- or group-affirmed prior to comparison. Finally, Study 5 shows that both social identity threat and self-categorization threat underlie increases in effort for participants compared to a lower status out-group member. We detail a theoretical basis for our claim that performance comparisons with lower status out-group members are especially threatening, and discuss the implications for this research in terms of social identity and self-categorization theories as they relate to effort in intergroup contexts.     

Diversity in in-group bias: structural factors, situational features, and social functions

Four experiments addressed the different forms and functions of in-group bias in different contexts. The authors proposed 2 functions: an identity-expressive function and an instrumental function (or promotion of positive social change). The authors manipulated status differentials, the stability of these differences, and the communication context (intra- vs. intergroup) and measured in-group bias and both functions. As predicted, identity expression via in-group bias on symbolic measures was most important for stable, high-status groups. By contrast, material in-group bias for instrumental motives was most prevalent in unstable, low-status groups but only when communicating with in-group members. This latter effect illustrates the strategic adaptation of group behavior to audience (i.e., displaying in-group bias may provoke the out-group and be counterproductive in instrumental terms). Stable, low-status groups displayed more extreme forms of in-group bias for instrumental reasons regardless of communication context (i.e., they had nothing to lose). Results are discussed in terms of a contextual-functional approach to in-group bias.     

The Effect of Intra- and Intergroup Leadership on Group Goal Attainment in a North-South Gaming Simulation

This research investigated the role of leadership functions in a context of intergroup negotiation by using a simulation game of inter-regional conflict and cooperation (SIRC²). As a part of their social psychology course, 151 undergraduate students participated. It was hypothesized that there are four leadership factors in an intergroup context: in-group performance, in-group maintenance, out-group negotiation performance, and out-group relation maintenance. According to a factor analysis, however, the functions of in-group performance and out-group performance merged into the same category and could not be differentiated independently. Moreover, this research provided evidence that opportunities for intergroup communication and the amount of resources available to each group can facilitate these leadership functions. This study also found links between leadership functions and group outcomes. In a group with members who were homogeneous and facing common survival problems, the in-group/out-group performance function facilitated the achievement of the group goal. On the other hand, in a group with members with different roles, and who were self-sufficient for survival, the in-group maintenance function facilitated the achievement of the group goal. Moreover, in the intergroup context, the out-group relationship maintenance function was also important for group goal attainment. These results were interpreted using the path–goal theory and Fiedler's contingency theory.     

群体关系与问责对信息共享意愿及谈判行为的影响研究

本研究就国人的群体关系与问责对谈判者行为及信息共享意愿进行考察,试图探讨文化对谈判者的影响。通过对128名在校大学生的模拟谈判实验,发现谈判者在群内谈判比在群际谈判时有更高的信息共享意愿和更少的强硬行为,群体关系和问责对信息共享意愿及主观利益冲突有交互效应。具体而言,高度问责时,谈判者在群内谈判比群际谈判时有更多的信息共享意愿;低度问责时,谈判者在群内谈判比群际谈判时有更少的主观利益冲突。     

Pronorm and antinorm deviants: a test of the subjective group dynamics model

The authors replicated the study by D. Abrams, J. M. Marques, N. Bown, and M. Henson (2000, Study 2), performed to test the subjective group dynamics model (J. M. Marques, D. Abrams, D. Paez, & C. Martinez-Taboada, 1998). Participants were students enrolled in the psychology department at an Italian university. The present study considered the relationship between students and professors, and the attitude object was limited enrollment for admission to the department. Participants evaluated either in-group or out-group members. Findings replicated those of Abrams et al., except the in-group pronorm deviant was perceived to be less typical and evaluated less positively than the normative members. This finding suggests that, during an intergroup conflict, perception of the typicality of deviants exaggerating the in-group norms--and thus their evaluations--may increase as long as deviance is not perceived to be too accentuated.     

The association between parents' ethnic socialization and positive and negative interethnic contact among majority and minority groups in China and the moderating role of essentialism

In a multiethnic country like China, ethnic membership is an important dimension of social construction, and interethnic contact is a necessary component of social interactions. Family is the context where ethnic socialization takes place and where parents play a relevant role. The present study focused on the Hui-Han interethnic context. Measures of perceived parent's ethnic socialization, interethnic contact, and essentialism were administrated to Hui minority (N = 560) and Han majority (N = 954) secondary students. Results indicated that parents' positive ethnic socialization (cultural socialization/pluralism, promotion of harmony) was associated with greater positive and lower negative contact, while negative ethnic socialization (preparation for bias, promotion of mistrust) had opposite effects. Essentialist views of ethnicity moderated the associations of perceived parents' positive ethnic socialization with positive contact: the association between positive ethnic socialization and positive contact was stronger among individuals with lower (vs. higher) essentialist views. Results did not differ across the majority and the minority group. Implications for prompting positive interethnic interactions and preventing negative contact are discussed.