语言转向和西方心理学理论和研究的深入发展

语言转向是西方哲学自我批判的产物,对西方心理学摆脱“康德式难题”具有重要意义。该文以西方哲学语言转向的内在逻辑为理论背景,分析了由此引发的西方心理学研究主题、线索和路径变迁。分析哲学、解释学和结构主义是语言转向的三种方式,共同实现了20世纪的语言转向,影响心理学理论和研究的变迁,推动心理学关注语言建构和文本陈述,激发新的心理学理论和研究。     

起点即终点--从高尔吉亚的命题看西方哲学的发展轨迹

对于西方哲学的发展历程,存在着一个公认的说法,即西方哲学从诞生到现在,共经历了两次被称为“转向”的研究主题的切换。第一次转向是从古代的本体论哲学到近代哲学的“认识论转向”。第二次转向是从近代的认识论向现代哲学的“语言转向”。古希腊哲人高尔吉亚因其命题而著称于世。塞克斯都的《反数学家》记载到,“高尔吉亚一连提出了三个原则:———第一,无物存在;第二,如果有物存在,人也无法认识它;第三,即便可以认识它,也无法把它告诉别人”。[1]与上述的哲学转向联系起来看,我们惊奇地发现,高尔吉亚命题竟暗含着预示哲学发展方向与命运…     

“面向语言本身”:从语用学哲学到语言现象学

<正>语言哲学的发展经历了从句法学到语义学、由语义学到语用学的转向。语用学对语言的看法,尤其是晚期维特根斯坦、奥斯汀以及塞尔等人对语言的看法,与胡塞尔、海德格尔现象学的"语言观"有着潜在的一致性和融通的可能性(当然这并不意味着二者没有本质的区别)。语言哲学的语用学转     

试析现代西方心理学的文化转向

西方心理学正在展现出对文化影响日渐增加的关注。这种文化转向既有科学哲学和历史的原因,也受到世界范围内心理学本土化运动的影响。文化转向的主要表现是：(1)对心理学自然科学模式的反思与诘难;(2)多元文化心理学的兴起;(3)跨文化心理学面临的批评及其转变;(4)认知心理学、发展心理学和健康心理学等分支领域对文化影响的关注。作者认为,文化的转向对于西方心理学的发展具有积极的意义。     

理论、实验与应用有机结合——读《认知心理学——理论、实验和应用》

认知心理学为当代心理科学提供了全新的范式和研究取向,使心理学发生了深刻的变革,是高校心理学专业重要的基础课程,其教学及教材建设受到各高校的极大重视。《认知心理学——理论、实验和应用》教材就格外引人注目。综观全书,它具有以下特色:第一,重视介绍应用研究;第二,理论阐述与实验介绍有机结合;第三,内容丰富,而且精选得当;第四,体系合理,结构严谨,体例规范;第五,语言通俗易懂,文字流畅,思路清楚,可读性强。     

改革开放以来哲学观的重大转向

哲学观在全部哲学问题中具有特殊地位,它通过对哲学的自我理解,以一种集中凝练的方式折射着对时代的理解。改革开放以来,当代中国的哲学对于哲学的自我理解发生了深刻的变化,这集中体现在三个方面:第一,从"神的眼光"转向"人的眼光";第二,从"实证的眼光"转向"批判的眼光";第三,从"独断的眼光"转向"包容的眼光"。哲学观的这三大转向以一种哲学的方式映照和折射着中国改革开放的精神脉动,为我们理解当代中国哲学进程和社会发展进程提供了重要的参照。     

“认知科学”与“第二代认知科学”刍议

以计算隐喻为核心假设的传统认知心理学以及联结主义心理学均不能克服离身心智（disembodied mind）的根本缺陷,当代认知心理学正面临着新的范型转换。以具身性和情境性为重要特征的第二代认知科学将日受重视,并促使认知神经科学进入新的发展阶段。作者认为在身心关系上应该坚持生理只是心理的必要条件,而非充分条件的立场,克服生理还原论的危险;应该重新审视基于二元论的生理机制这种说法;心理学传统中的科学主义和人文主义有可能在第二代认知科学强调认知情境性的基础上达成某种融合;第一代认知科学对意识的研究是不成功的,因为对知觉、注意、记忆、思维等心理过程的研究不能代替意识的研究,同时还应避免以意识内容的研究取代心理学研究的倾向。第二代认知科学中的动力系统理论关于变量（因素）之间的偶合（coupling）关系完全不同于变差分析中的变量之间的交互作用关系”,其动力系统模式可能更有助于破解意识的产生（涌现）之谜,并引发心理学研究的方法论的变革新潮。第二代认知科学的兴起将启发人们对身心关系、生理还原论、意识研究在心理学中的地位、人工智能对心智完全模拟的可能性等重大问题重新思考     

"认知革命"与"第二代认知科学"刍议

以计算隐喻为核心假设的传统认知心理学以及联结主义心理学均不能克服离身心智（disembodied mind）的根本缺陷,当代认知心理学正面临着新的范型转换．以具身性和情境性为重要特征的第二代认知科学将日受重视,并促使认知神经科学进入新的发展阶段。作者认为在身心关系上应该坚持生理只是心理的必要条件,而非充分条件的赢场,克服生理还原论的危险;应该重新审视基于二元论的生理机制这种说法;心理学传统中的科学主义和人文主义有可能在第二代认知科学强调认知情境性的基础上达成某种融合;第一代认知科学对意识的研究是不成功的,因为对知觉、注意、记忆、思维等心理过程的研究不能代替意识的研究,同时还应避免以意识内容的研究取代心理学研究的倾向、第二代认知科学中的动力系统理论关于变量（因素）之间的偶合（coupling）关系完全不同于变差分析巾的变量之间的交互作用关系,其动力系统模式可能更有助于破解意识的产生（涌现）之谜,并引发心理学研究的方法论的变革新潮,第二代认知科学的兴起将启发人们对身心关系、生理还原论、意识研究在心理学中的地位、人工智能对心智完全模拟的可能性等重夫问题重新思考。     

人=机器人论题的困境与出路——评勃克斯的逻辑机器哲学

计算机科学与信息技术的迅猛发展,必然引起哲学范式的转换,从而提出具有创新意义的研究纲领.逻辑机器哲学是传统哲学与现代计算机科学、信息技术的哲学思考相结合的产物.它通过人与计算机的类比,探讨用计算机模拟人类心智的可能性以及有关的哲学问题.从本质上看,勃克斯的逻辑机器哲学及其人=机器人论题建基于心智的计算观,而心智的计算观不断地受到了严重的质疑.人工生命的进化研究成果表明,心智的计算观的困境是可以摆脱的."人工意识"的计算机生成和进化系统的动力学研究,将为拯救和发展心智的计算观开辟了新的道路.     

当代心智哲学研究的12个问题及其他

自古希腊文明时期起,人类就开始了对心智(m ind)奥秘孜孜不倦的探索。然而,在20世纪后半叶之前,心智在哲学中的研究一直处于非主流状态。在过去的30年里,这种情况发生了很大的改变,心智哲学成为哲学研究的中心论题之一,它带动和涵盖了其他许多哲学分支的研究。心智哲学的当代领军人物之一、美国著名哲学家塞尔(John R.Searle)甚至指出:“50年前语言哲学被认为是‘第一哲学’,现在这一位置由心智哲学所取代。”[1]正是基于这一认识,塞尔在他的新作《心智》一书中总结了当代心智哲学应该加以深入研究的12个基本问题,这些问题是在笛卡尔传统…     

On the emergence of American analytic philosophy

This paper is concerned with the reasons for the emergence and dominance of analytic philosophy in America. It closely examines the contents of, and changing editors at, The Philosophical Review, and provides a perspective on the contents of other leading philosophy journals. It suggests that analytic philosophy emerged prior to the 1950s in an environment characterized by a rich diversity of approaches to philosophy and that it came to dominate American philosophy at least in part due to its effective promotion by The Philosophical Review’s editors. Our picture of mid-twentieth-century American philosophy is different from existing ones, including those according to which the prominence of analytic philosophy in America was basically a matter of the natural affinity between American philosophy and analytic philosophy and those according to which the political climate at the time was hostile towards non-analytic approaches. Furthermore, our reconstruction suggests a new perspective on the nature of 1950s analytic philosophy.     

论马克思实践哲学的政治意蕴

In order to deepen the studies on the philosophy of practice, it is essential to explore the political significance of Marx's philosophy of practice. Marx's philosophy of practice is rooted in the problem of modernity and the separation between “individual subjectivity” and “societal community” in the modern context is the basic background of Marx's practical philosophy. It is the basic interest of Marx's philosophy of practice to find a way to end this separation via critique of civil society. Therefore, Marx's philosophy of practice has a clear significance, which manifests in the following aspects: one is “liberation politics,” and the other, “the regulatory mode of the socio-political institution.” Translated by Zhang Lin from Zhexue Yanjiu 哲学研究 (Philosophical Research), 2007, (1): 3–10     

Modelling the history of early modern natural philosophy: the fate of the art-nature distinction in the Dutch universities

The ‘model approach’ facilitates a quantitative-oriented study of conceptual changes in large corpora. This paper implements the ‘model approach’ to investigate the erosion of the traditional art-nature distinction in early modern natural philosophy. I argue that a condition for this transformation has to be located in the late scholastic conception of final causation. I design a conceptual model to capture the art-nature distinction and formulate a working hypothesis about its early modern fate. I test my hypothesis on a selected corpus of 25 works published in the Dutch academic milieu between 1607 and 1748. I analyse the corpus through a procedure based on concordancing of keywords associated with the model. I argue that the results obtained constitute a successful pilot study for the implementation of the model approach on larger scale research.     

论希波克拉底的医学哲学思想

被尊称为"西方医学之父"的希波克拉底同时也是当之无愧的"医学哲学之父".希波克拉底的医学哲学思想具有源于而不囿于自然哲学的特征;希波克拉底为医学哲学铸造了基本的理论范式:他对医学哲学的研究对象、研究方法、临床认识主体的人文品格等诸多问题有着原创性的论述,他对医学实践中的普遍问题的研究如医学性质、早期诊断、预后分析、病人个体差异、遗传现象、生理与心理的关系、误诊误治等,为医学哲学理论框架的形成奠定了坚实的基础.     

Philosophy for Children and the Extrinsic Value of Academic Philosophy

External pressure on Higher Education Institutes in the United Kingdom has brought the question of the extrinsic value of academic philosophy into focus. One line of research into questions about the extrinsic value of philosophy comes from the Philosophy for Children (P4C) movement. There is a large body of literature about the benefits of P4C. This paper argues that the distinctive nature of the P4C pedagogy limits the claims made by the P4C literature about the extrinsic value of philosophy to claims about the value of P4C. While this is not a problem within the P4C literature that recognises these limitations, the paper makes three claims about why it is sometimes inappropriate to extend claims from research into the value of P4C to claims about the value of non-P4C philosophy. It argues that more research is needed to investigate the value of non-P4C philosophy.     

Disputes over Philosophical Views in the First Half of the Twentieth Century and Development of Contemporary Chinese Philosophy

To explore the development of contemporary Chinese philosophy, fundamentally, is to explore the development of Marxist philosophy in contemporary China. The disputes over philosophical views in Chinese academic circles during the first half of the twentieth century have been focused on understanding Marxist philosophy from such aspects as “what kind of philosophy Chinese society needs,” “the relation of philosophy to science,” and “philosophy as an idea to reflect on one’s life.” These explorations have provided us a significant ideological insight into the development of Marxist philosophy and contemporary Chinese philosophy; that is, in contemporary China, Marxist philosophy, as a doctrine of the liberation and all-round development of human beings, exists not only as a kind of “doctrine” or “academy” but also as a kind of widely accepted “xueyuan (academic cultivations)” among people. Translated by Zhao Zhiyi from Jourmal of Jilin University (Social Sciences), 2005:1     

论医学哲学的特征

医学哲学也称为医学辩证法,是在总结医学科学成就的基础上,通过对医学理论和实践中一般、普遍、共性问题的研究,揭示医学认识主体思维活动普遍规律的科学：是人们认识和处理健康和疾病问题的一般方法论。无论是与医学还是与哲学相比。医学哲学都有着显著的区别,运用对比分析的方法。对医学哲学的研究对象、理论体系特别是思维方式等不同方面的特征,进行理论探讨。     

Critical Notice of Beyond the Analytic-Continental Divide: Pluralist Philosophy in the Twenty-First Century. Edited by Jeffrey A. Bell,Andrew Cutrofello,and Paul M. Livingston (New York: Routledge, 2016. 334 + viii pp)

This collection maintains a dialogue between the analytic and continental traditions, while aspiring to situate itself beyond the analytic-continental divide. It divides into four parts, (1) Methodologies, (2) Truth and Meaning, (3) Metaphysics and Ontology, and (4) Values, Personhood and Agency, though there is considerable overlap among the categories. History and temporality are recurrent themes, but there is a lot of metaphysics generally, with some philosophy of language, philosophy of social science, ethics, political philosophy and epistemology. Less prominent is a pragmatic, deflationary attitude, and at a number of points I argue for the virtues of such an approach.     

On experimental philosophy and the history of philosophy: a reply to Sorell

In this paper, we reply to Tom Sorell’s criticism of our engagement with the history of philosophy in our book, The Theory and Practice of Experimental Philosophy. We explain why our uses of the history of philosophy are not undermined by Sorell’s criticism and why our position is not threatened by the dilemma Sorell advances. We argue that Sorell has mischaracterized the dialectical context of our discussion of the history of philosophy and that he has mistakenly treated our use of the history of philosophy as univocal, when in fact we called on the history of philosophy in several different ways in our text.     

论医学哲学范畴

医学哲学范畴是医学哲学理论体系中最基本和最深刻的概念,是人们把握生命和健康问题的认识纲领,是对医学问题进行逻辑归类的思维形式。医学哲学范畴是哲学与医学之间多重学术关系的统一,是抽象性与具体性、普遍性与特殊性、稳定性与变易性的结合,体现了学术价值、实践价值和文化价值的等多重价值。医学哲学范畴研究以创新研究为灵魂,以基础研究为根本,以应用研究为标的。