离异家庭儿童发展性研究综述

随着世界各国离婚率的提高,离异家庭对儿童发展的影响已经成为众多学者研究关注的焦点.文章着重介绍和分析了离异家庭儿童发展性研究的进展、离异家庭儿童心理和行为问题的产生机制以及离异家庭儿童发展的影响因素和作用机制.最后对公共政策的制定提出建议.     

对离异家庭学生群体适应性的研究

随着人们婚姻家庭观念的变化,离婚率的迅速上升和离异家庭学生日益增多,离异家庭学生的教育给学校带来了新课题。我校对离异家庭学生的心理特征及群体适应性进行了研究。以帮助离异家庭学生更好地适应变化了的社会环境。     

对离异家庭学生群体适应性的研究

随着人们婚姻家庭观念的变化,离婚率的迅速上升和离异家庭学生日益增多,离异家庭学生的教育给学校带来了新课题。我校对离异家庭学生的心理特征及群体适应性进行了研究。以帮助离异家庭学生更好地适应变化了的社会环境。     

父母离异对孩子心理和行为的影响

一、研究目的 父母离异首先伤害的是子女。正如李·索克指出的：“对孩子来说，父母离异带来的创伤仅次于死亡。”中小学教育的实践表明，离异家庭的学生在心理和行为方面都表现出一定的问题，同完全家庭的学生相比有比较显著的差异。本研究的目的在于了解父母离异学生在学校心理和行为的表现状况，同完全家庭学生相比有哪些差异，为教育工作者、中小学教师、中小学生家长提供参考，以提高父母离异学生的整体素质。[第一段]     

父母离异儿童应激的比较研究

采用测量和问卷调查的方法,我们考察了136名父母离异的中学生的应激及其相关因素,并同136名正常的中学生的应激进行了比较。研究结果表明,父母离异儿童的应激水平显着地高于正常儿童,不同年龄的父母离异儿童不存在显着的差异,父母离异时年龄小的(1─5岁)儿童其应激水平较低,父母离异时间长的(10年以上)的儿童其应激水平亦较低,不同性别的父母离异儿童应激水平无显着差异,父母离异对儿童应激的影响并不因父母再婚而改变。同时,我们的研究还表明,父母离异儿童的应激水平与其学业成绩、思想品德表现之间存在着较高的相关,应激水平越高,学业成绩越差,思想品德表现也越差,这表明父母离异所导致的应激状态,既影响儿童的学业成绩,也影响他们思想品德的发展。     

父母离异对子心理发展的影响:计票式文献分析途径的研究

采用计票式文献分析技术对国内1994-2005年间关于离异家庭子女心理特点的35篇研究进行了系统回顾,发现所有研究都报告了父母离异对子女心理发展存在消极影响。他们存在更多躯体化、强迫、焦虑、敌对、孤独、冲动等心理健康问题;行为问题发生率高于完整家庭对照组,主要表现为孤僻、退缩、抑郁、社交不良等行为问题;在人格方面更具神经质特征,表现出更强的掩饰性,人格倾向性容易出现过分内向或过分外向的两极化趋势;在自我意识方面更消极;在学业方面表现较差;知觉到更强的压力而且采用更消极的应对方式,有着更高的犯罪率和自杀意念。对目前研究方法上的不足之处进行了探讨,对国内外研究内容和结果上的差异进行了分析,对未来的研究方向提出了意见和建议。     

4—6岁离异家庭儿童心理特点研究

问题近年来,我国离婚率有所上升。据1986年统计,全国离婚夫妇达70万对,80年代我国每年离婚占结婚总数的0.8%。这样,越来越多的少年儿童成为离异家庭的儿童。离异家庭的儿童与完整家庭的儿童在心理发展上有何差异?造成这些差异的原因是什么?离异家庭环境对儿童的身心发展产生怎样的影响等等,这些问题的研究具有很大的社会价值。     

离异家庭儿童良好适应的影响因素的研究

关于离异家庭儿童的心理、行为特征以及离婚对儿童心理发展的影响,许多研究者已进行了大量的研究,揭示了一些基本规律.目前,在我国,家庭离异已逐渐成为一种普遍的社会现象,离异家庭儿童的增多给心理与教育工作者带来了新的难题.如何帮助离异家庭儿童迅速地、良好地适应父母离婚造成的社会生活环境变化,以减少这些儿童因父母离婚这一突发性事件造成的心理伤害及其后的消极影响,是广大心理与教育工作者普遍关心和迫切需要了解的向题.     

离异家庭子女社会融入障碍与基本应对策略简论

在乡村振兴发展下离异家庭是一种特殊的社会存在,父母离异给子女都或多或少带来一定的伤害。离异家庭子女在父母离异后可能会产生许多的问题,如心理缺失、情感障碍等。离异家庭、学校、社会需要认真重视其适应性问题、性格缺陷问题、反社会问题等,并从家庭、学校、社会角度出发积极应对,父母要创造好的家庭环境,学校要多些关心与辅导,社会要在各个方面积极配合。     

让我牵起你的手吧——浅谈小学单亲孩子的心理

有人这样说过：“要做撒播阳光的人,首先我们的心中要充满阳光。”作为一位教师,应该力求做到用微笑面对学生,认真聆听孩子的心声,宽容对待学生的过错。是啊,爱生是教师必须具备的美德,得到老师的关爱,是每个学生最基本的心理要求,两老师更要用真挚的爱对待单亲家庭的学生。那么,何为单亲家庭,一般来说,是孩子的父母其中一方因死亡,或因离异,孩子只随其父（或母）生活,谓之单亲。尤其是离异家庭子女,由于缺少完整家庭的爱,心灵受到了创伤,所以精神压力大。父母离异,家庭破裂,孩子失去成长的正常条件,便形成了新的心理特点。     

I’ll Never Forgive You: High Conflict Divorce,Social Network,and Co-Parenting Conflicts

The relation between divorce, co-parenting conflicts, and children’s adjustment problems has been well established. An unresolved question for research and clinical interventions, however, is how conflicts between parents are maintained and/or escalate. This cross-sectional research tested the hypothesis that co-parenting conflicts in divorced couples are associated with perceived social network disapproval and that this relation is mediated by parents’ tendency to forgive each other. In Study 1, a convenience sample of 136 divorced parents recruited via online forums, we showed that perceived social network disapproval was indeed positively related to co-parenting conflicts and that parents’ tendency to forgive the other parent—albeit partly—explained this relationship. Strength of our research is that in Study 2, 110 parents referred to children’s mental health care because the wellbeing of the children was severely compromised by the severity of the conflicts between parents, we replicated these results. In both studies perceived social network disapproval and co-parenting conflicts were positively related and this link was mediated by forgiveness: perceived social network disapproval was negatively related to forgiveness, which in turn was negatively related to more parental conflicts.     

Maternal Acceptance and Consistency of Discipline as Buffers of Divorce Stressors on Children's Psychological Adjustment Problems

This study examines whether two aspects of mothering—acceptance and consistency of discipline—buffer the effect of divorce stressors on adjustment problems in 678 children, ages 8 to 15, whose families had divorced within the past 2 years. Children reported on divorce stressors; both mothers and children reported on mothering and internalizing and externalizing problems. Multiple regressions indicate that for maternal report of mothering, acceptance interacted with divorce stressors in predicting both dimensions of adjustment problems, with the pattern of findings supporting a stress-buffering effect. For child report of mothering, acceptance, consistency of discipline, and divorce stressors interacted in predicting adjustment problems. The relation between divorce stressors and internalizing and externalizing problems is stronger for children who report low acceptance and low consistency of discipline than for children who report either low acceptance and high consistency of discipline or high acceptance and low consistency of discipline. Children reporting high acceptance and high consistency of discipline have the lowest levels of adjustment problems. Implications of these results for understanding variability in children's postdivorce adjustment and interventions for divorced families are discussed.     

Parental Divorce,Relationships with Fathers and Mothers,and Children’s Romantic Relationships in Young Adulthood

The current study examined parent–child relationships during adolescence as a moderator between earlier parental divorce and children’s romantic relationships in emerging adulthood. In addition, the study examined the potential different outcomes in children’s romantic relationships according to the gender of parents and children as well as to fathers’ different residence types. The data for this study came from a 22-year 9-wave investigated longitudinal study, Michigan Study of Life Transitions (MSALT), which began in 1983. The sample for the current study was 520 (female?=?311 and male?=?209) from ‘always-married’ and 154 (female?=?107 and male?=?47) from ‘divorced’ families. Some of main findings are that residential father–child relationships during adolescence were more critical for children’s satisfaction in their romantic relationships in emerging adulthood than non-residential divorced father–child relationships, and that relationships with fathers during adolescence mattered for daughters’ satisfaction in their romantic relationships in emerging adulthood, but not for the sons’ satisfaction. Possible explanations of the findings, limitations, and strengths in the current study are discussed, and future research directions are addressed.     

母子关系、师生关系与儿童入园第一年的问题行为

通过对102名托班幼儿的母亲和教师间隔9个月的两次测查,考察了母子关系、师生关系在儿童入园第一年的问题行为发展中的作用。结果表明：控制了儿童入园三个月时的问题行为后,(1)母子关系无法直接预测入园一年时的问题行为,师生关系冲突性可以反向预测入园一年时的退缩和违纪问题;(2)儿童性别调节了母子关系冲突性对入园一年时攻击问题的预测,即母子关系冲突性对入园一年时攻击问题的正向预测作用仅对女孩成立,对男孩则不成立;(3)师生关系亲密性调节了母子关系亲密性对入园一年时的退缩、焦虑、攻击和违纪问题的预测,即母子关系亲密性对入园一年时各种问题行为的负向预测作用仅对师生关系亲密程度高的儿童成立,对师生关系亲密程度低的儿童则不成立;对师生关系亲密程度低的儿童来说,母子关系亲密性对入园一年时的焦虑问题甚至具有正向预测作用     

Maternal Beliefs,Adolescent Perceived Maternal Control and Psychological Competence in Poor Chinese Female-Headed Divorced Families

Based on the data of 337 female-headed divorced families living in poverty in Hong Kong, the relationships among maternal beliefs (Chinese cultural beliefs of familism, maternal expectations of children’s future, maternal attribute of children’s achievement to effort), adolescents’ perceived maternal control and adolescent psychological competence (indexed by beliefs in the future, clear and positive identity, and resilience) were examined. Results indicated that adolescents’ perceived maternal control mediated the influence between maternal beliefs and adolescent psychological competence in poor female-headed divorced families in Hong Kong. With the paucity of research on family beliefs and indigenous parenting practice, the present study underscores the importance of maternal beliefs and maternal control on nurturing adolescent psychological competence in Chinese divorced families facing adversity, which contributes to the development of Chinese familial model of resilience. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.     

母亲养育压力与学前儿童社会适应的关系及其性别差异：一项交叉滞后分析

本研究采用交叉滞后的研究设计探讨母亲养育压力与学前儿童社会适应的相互作用关系,选取上海市两所公办幼儿园202名幼儿及其母亲进行为期一年的追踪调查。结果表明：（1）母亲养育压力与男孩的外化问题行为可以相互预测,与女孩外化问题行为相互预测不显著;（2)母亲养育压力与幼儿社会能力可以相互预测;（3）母亲养育压力不能显著预测幼儿内化问题行为,但内化问题可以显著预测母亲养育压力。母亲养育压力与学前儿童社会适应存在相互作用关系,且在幼儿外化问题行为上存在性别差异。     

Fear of abandonment as a mediator of the relations between divorce stressors and mother-child relationship quality and children's adjustment problems

This study examines whether fear of abandonment mediates the prospective relations between divorce stressors and mother–child relationship quality and adjustment problems of children of divorce. Participants were 216 children, ages 8–12, and their primary residential mothers. Children reported on divorce stressors and fear of abandonment; mothers and children reported on mother–child relationship quality and internalizing and externalizing problems. Structural equation models indicated that Time 1 fear of abandonment mediated the relation between Time 1 divorce stressors and Time 2 internalizing and externalizing problems. Time 1 fear of abandonment also mediated the relation between Time 1 mother–child relationship quality and Time 2 internalizing and externalizing problems. Implications of these results for understanding variability in children's postdivorce adjustment problems and interventions for divorced families are discussed.     

Families with Distinct Levels of Marital Conflict and Child Adjustment: Which Role for Maternal and Paternal Stress?

This study addresses the links between distinct levels of marital conflict and mothers’ and fathers’ parenting stress and their associations with children’s adjustment. Using a sample of 358 Italian father–mother dyads with school–aged children, we computed a cluster analysis to identify distinct groups of families with different levels of interparental conflict. In each of the three groups identified (low, moderate, and high marital conflict), we conducted correlational and mediational analyses to explore the relationship between interparental conflict and children’s adjustment, the relationship between interparental conflict and maternal and paternal stress, and the potential mediating role of these components of maternal and paternal stress in the association between interparental conflict and children’s adjustment. We administered the R-CTS, PSI-SF, and CBCL to parents in order to assess marital conflict, maternal and paternal stress, and children’s behavioral problems; children completed the CPIC in order to evaluate their perceptions of interparental conflict. Results show that, in the high marital conflict group, levels of interparental conflict negatively affect children’s adjustment; moreover, the parent–child dysfunctional interaction component of maternal stress partially mediates the relationship between interparental discord and children’s internalizing behaviors, while the difficult child component of paternal stress fully mediates the effects of marital conflict on externalizing behaviors. In the moderate marital conflict group, levels of interparental conflict are correlated with the difficult child component of both maternal and paternal stress, while in the low marital conflict group, interparental conflict does not correlate with both maternal and paternal stress and children’s adjustment.     

Preschoolers’ Emotional Understanding and Psychosocial Adjustment in Korea: The Moderating Effect of Maternal Attitude towards Emotional Expressiveness

The purpose of the present study was to examine the role of maternal attitude towards children’s emotional expressiveness in Korean preschoolers’ emotional understanding and psychosocial adjustment. Preschoolers (N?=?70) participated in an emotional understanding task comprised of identifying cartoon character’s emotional reaction to particular emotion-eliciting situations. Maternal attitude towards children’s emotional expressiveness, as well as teachers’ rating of children’s behavior problems and social competence were measured. Children’s emotional understanding was negatively correlated with teacher-reported behavior problems and positively associated with social competence. In line with recent research on the socialization of emotional expressiveness, controlling maternal attitude towards children’s positive emotional expressiveness was negatively correlated with teacher-reported behavior problems. Conversely, mothers’ accepting attitude towards children’s negative emotional expressiveness was also negatively correlated with behavior problems. Finally, maternal attitude toward children’s positive emotional expressiveness moderated the relationship between emotional understanding ability and behavior problems and social competence. Such findings suggest that maternal attitude, particularly attitude regarding specific type of emotional expressiveness, is one of the key factors that may predict preschooler’s psychosocial outcomes.     

社交退缩与儿童的社会适应之间的关系

本研究的目的是探讨社交退缩与儿童的社会适应之间的关系。 共有145名11岁儿童(M=129个月,SD=6.5个月,60名男孩,85名女孩)参与了本研究。本研究运用实验室观察程序,采用儿童游戏观察量表(Play Observation Scale)对儿童在两个自由游戏情景中的社交退缩行为进行编码,采用教师报告法和儿童自我报告法测量了儿童的适应情况。研究结果发现,焦虑退缩行为更多的与男孩的适应问题有关,而安静退缩更多的与女孩的适应问题如孤独感、抑郁等有关。结果表明社交退缩的各个亚型与其社会适应之间的关系是不同的,且性别在其中起着调节作用。