论胡塞尔自身意识理论的三个阶段

在胡塞尔自身意识思想方面，学界主要存在三种解读：1.自身意识是后续高阶反思；2.自身意识是原本意识所具有的前反思的、前对象化的、单阶自身觉知；3.自身意识是原本意识对其自身的一种特殊的高阶隐性觉知。这三种解读主要是从意识研究或存在论角度做出的。相反，本文主要把自身意识问题当作一个认识论问题，亦即对知识的最终确然明见基础的追问，并通过追溯胡塞尔的思想演变，提出并解释了胡塞尔自身意识思想的以下三个阶段及其关联：1)自身意识作为对单纯体验材料的内感知；2)自身意识作为超越论的-内在的纯粹意识领域中个别意向行为所具有的伴随性的、潜隐性的自身觉知；3)自身意识作为整个超越论的纯粹内在意识所具有的普遍必然本质。     

论审美对象的感性特征及其构成

现象学创始人胡塞尔认为康德的先验主义不够彻底,陷入了心、物二元论,只有现象学 才能使"心"完全摆脱"物"而独立出来。现象学的所谓"现象"并非客观事物的表象, 而是"纯粹意识"。他提出"本质直观",实际上以之代替了感性直观,意在借以摆脱自然 个别性的"遮蔽"来彰显或澄明"绝对直理"。这样一来,感性作为审美对象的基本特征是 否成立?如果成立,审美感性对象又是怎样构成的?它与自然感性现象有何区别?其具体结 构是什么?这些问题关系到美的基本属性的认定,值得探讨。     

论胡塞尔现象学中自身意识的反思模式

早在海德堡学派和图根特哈特之前,传统自身意识理论的基本主题就在胡塞尔现象学中得到专门而细致的关注。胡塞尔借助于对"原意识"和"反思"的区分,在两个不同的维度上探究了传统自身意识的核心问题。通过对原意识和反思之间奠基关系的厘清,胡塞尔现象学发展了一种新型的、不同于图根特哈特语义学进路的自身意识理论的"反思模式",它既有效避免了传统理论的循环困境,同时也没有窄化传统理论的问题域。     

理念、意义和科学真理--对科学理论构成问题的胡塞尔现象学研究

现代经验论在进行语言的逻辑分析时,遇到的最大困难就是科学理论的意义问题和理论对象的本体论问题。按照科学哲学的提问方式,问题就为:科学理论如何获得意义?科学理论具有什么样的本体论地位?科学理论具有真理性吗?本文尝试以胡塞尔现象学的思路和方法,来探索科学理论的意义问题、本体论问题和真理性问题。按照现象学的提问方式,问题则变为,科学的超越世界如何奠基于生活世界?作为一种自由的意向构成物的科学的理念体系,如何能揭示生活世界的普遍本质结构?科学的抽象理念体系是否具有彻底的直观明见性?为了回答这些问题,我们要转向“科学理…     

现象学伦理学的基本问题

严格意义上的"现象学的伦理学"是一种反思—描述的伦理学。胡塞尔、哈特曼、耿宁的案例为我们提供了现象学伦理学的三种可能性,它们的共同特点都是在现象学反思中进行的对道德意识的有意无意的本质直观。这样一种现象学的伦理学与其说是一种价值伦理学,不如说是一种道德心理学或道德意识现象学。现象学的反思—描述伦理学与近代以来的规范伦理学的区别,非常类似于数学—逻辑学中的直觉主义与形式主义的差异。与后面两种数学理论一样,前面两种伦理学说也不能被理解为是非此即彼、相互排斥的。只是对它们之间的奠基关系的不同理解,会导向在伦理学思考中的两种不同立场:反思—描述伦理学的和规范伦理学的。这两种伦理学需要彼此互补才能最终构成完整的人类道德系统。     

王阳明“良知自知”说中“同时性”问题辨析

"良知自知"说是王阳明"良知"思想的重要内涵。良知自知具有同时性,与现象学的"本原意识"和佛教的"自证分"在意识的直接性上类似,但因其与道德实践内涵结合,而又有自己的理论特殊性。良知同时自知与感性直观中感性自我同时自知(如知痛痒饥寒)及良知异时自知(通过回忆、反思而自知)有所不同,其特质在于双重自我的同一性。     

从习性自我到伦理人格——论胡塞尔精神科学中人格的构造

与纯粹形式自我不同的是,超越论意义上的习性自我既具有形式先天的特征,又具有质料先天的特征。从胡塞尔建立现象学的精神科学的主题看,这种习得的"经验"不属于一种自然主义的后天经验,而是一种超越论现象学的明见性经验。因此,习性自我的引入对于超越论现象学的根基仍然具有最终的有效性。在引入超越论的发生现象方法之后,习性自我仍然属于"纯粹自我"。习性自我之所以能保持其自身的统一性,不仅基于时间意识体验流的自身构造,而且基于意志这种积极动机的引导。由于意志不仅具有自身规定的特征,而且是一种持续连贯的积极的自我意识行为,因此伦理人格就是意志塑造的理性自主的和具有自身统一性的习性人格。     

通往第一哲学的三条道路——兼论现象学如何作为第一哲学北大核心CSSCI

西方哲学曾展现出通往第一哲学的三条主要道路:朴素的—客观主义道路、超越论的—观念论道路和现象学道路。朴素的—客观主义道路呈现出第一哲学的原本抱负,即为整个世界寻找作为本原、开端、根据的最在先者或首要之物。但它朴素的—客观主义导致了它的独断性、非明见性以及作为其必然后果的怀疑主义。第二条道路选择返回到以具有明见性、确定性的自我—我思为首要之物的超越论的观念论。但它付出的代价则是自我的二元分裂和迷失。通往第一哲学的现象学道路既满足了第一哲学对开端或本原之物的追求,同时又克服了前两条道路的局限性。     

通往第一哲学的三条道路——兼论现象学如何作为第一哲学

西方哲学曾展现出通往第一哲学的三条主要道路:朴素的—客观主义道路、超越论的—观念论道路和现象学道路。朴素的—客观主义道路呈现出第一哲学的原本抱负,即为整个世界寻找作为本原、开端、根据的最在先者或首要之物。但它朴素的—客观主义导致了它的独断性、非明见性以及作为其必然后果的怀疑主义。第二条道路选择返回到以具有明见性、确定性的自我—我思为首要之物的超越论的观念论。但它付出的代价则是自我的二元分裂和迷失。通往第一哲学的现象学道路既满足了第一哲学对开端或本原之物的追求,同时又克服了前两条道路的局限性。     

奧古斯丁论两种自识

奧古斯丁的思想向来被视为现代哲学之先声,他的自身认识理论也常常成为笛卡尔以降的相关讨论的重要比较对象。首先,在对新学园派的反驳中他从认识论上证明了感知呈现的确定性,确立了处理自身认识问题的内向性基础。其次,他不仅早于笛卡尔发展出类似于"我思故我在"的普遍怀疑论证,而且推演出心灵作为精神实体的核心结构。最后,他了解塞克都斯·恩披里克对自身认识可能性的反驳,在前述探究基础上有意识地区分了两种自身认识以应对这一难题,而其中可解释为前反思的直接性自身意识的概念也可以在德国唯心论的自身意识理论中找到回声,后者正是用这一概念来解决反思模式导致的难题。     

Together – apart: in touch in a time of separation

This paper explores the experience of working as a Jungian analyst through the various phases of the global COVID-19 pandemic, examining the importance of the physical containing space alongside the analyst’s internal mind and how technology can both help and hinder understanding. A number of clinical vignettes illustrate the challenge of communicating over a distance, paying particular attention to the way countertransference phenomena can become re-attuned. Reference is made to mythology and symbols of hope, and consideration given to the meaning and purpose of the pandemic.     

Language,politics and dreams: the challenges of building resilience in refugees

This paper describes a case study of a 60-year-old Peruvian refugee in some detail, focusing on the importance of building emotional resilience in a patient in Spanish in order to create a space for learning the English language – the patient did not speak English after 20 years of living in Britain. The work was carried out with an interpreter and some of the literature on working with interpreters is referred to. The paper also briefly outlines the refugee journey in broad terms, which is a journey from the culturally known to the culturally unknown. The question of how well the literature on resilience, which sits firmly within a Western developmental perspective, can be applied to refugees, most of whom come from group and family-based cultures dominated by ideas of honour and shame, is discussed. The paper also touches on the importance of the receiving country enabling or not, as the case may be, a transitional space for refugees who have lost their home and are seeking to find a safe haven in a strange culture.     

The Possibility of Meaning in Human Evolution

Science undermines the certitude of non-naturalistic answers to the question of whether human life has meaning. I explore whether evolution can provide a naturalistic basis for existential meaning. Using the work of philosopher Daniel Dennett and scientist Ursula Goodenough, I argue that evolution is the locus of the possibility of meaning because it has produced intentionality, the matrix of consciousness. I conclude that the question of the meaning of human life is an existentialist one: existential meaning is a product of the individual and collective tasks human beings undertake.     

Phenotypic plasticity and archetype: a response to common objections to the biological theory of archetype and instinct

Since Jung’s death in 1961, scholars have attempted to integrate growing biological science data into Jungian concepts such as the collective unconscious, instincts and the archetypes. This enterprise has been challenging due to persistent false dichotomies of gene and environment occasionally arising. Recent works by Roesler (2022a, 2022b) for example, have raised objections to the biological theory of archetypes, but the objections are plagued by such dichotomies. The concept of phenotypic plasticity, however, helps to both avoid this problem as well as bridge the gap between competing theories into a more integrated model with solid biological foundations.     

When is it time to stop? When good enough becomes bad enough

This article draws on Winnicott’s concept of the good enough mother to discuss how to know whether a therapeutic situation is good enough to continue or bad enough to end. This dilemma is explored in terms of clinical syndromes, such as anorexia and pathological gambling, but focuses mainly on analyst-initiated endings, which are termed the ‘Casablanca dilemma’, based on an amplification of the ending of the film Casablanca. The author goes on to discuss such one-sided endings, drawing on interviews with 40 analysts and therapists about their clinical experience. A typology of bad enough endings is presented. The psychological differences between a good enough analysis as opposed to a bad enough one are explored through the ideas of Winnicott and Neumann.     

The transcendent function in Spitteler’s Prometheus and Epimetheus

In August 2020, John Beebe and Steve Myers met via Zoom to discuss their differing interpretations of psychological typology and the different sources within Jung’s writings that influenced their books: Integrity in Depth: Energies and Patterns in Psychological Type (Beebe), and Myers-Briggs Typology vs Jungian Individuation (Myers). The discussion centred on Spitteler’s epic poem Prometheus und Epimetheus, which forms the basis of chapter V of Psychological Types. This is both the largest chapter and one of two chapters that Jung highlighted in the Argentine foreword as containing the essence of the book. Jung’s book is primarily about the transformation of personality rather than the categorization of people. Although it contains a critical psychology that deconstructs the nature of consciousness, that is only one half of the book and a stepping-stone to the other half, which is the reconciliation of opposites with particular emphasis on the relation of consciousness and the unconscious. Jung assumed that readers were already familiar with Prometheus und Epimetheus, an understanding of which sheds light on the nature of the transformation that Jung described – the development of a new attitude towards attitude itself.     

Kann Es Ein Argument Für Den Skeptizismus Geben? Das Epistemische Problem Der Irrtumsmöglichkeit

Summary  Is there any argument for scepticism? The epistemic problem of the possibility of error. Arguments for scepticism rest on the assumption that knowledge claims are fallible. For this reason the concept of knowledge appears to be questionable. Since it is necessary to distinguish doubts from possible doubts, the arguments for scepticism appear to be unconvincing. If we take it into account that we know something that is immune to doubt, we should draw the conclusion that, contrary to scepticism, knowledge claims have to be compatible with being fallible. Thus any knowledge claim is capable of being doubted.     

Seeing in the Dark: A View into Dissociation and Healing

In this paper, I will explore the role of art-making, the experience of trauma and dissociation, and the process of working with self-states from an analytic and creative frame. Relevant literature on dissociation, trauma, and the use of art will be discussed. A case involving my work with an adolescent girl who had experienced sexual abuse from a family member will be shared, with an emphasis on the meaningful role images played during the therapeutic process. Both Jungian and psychoanalytic models of conceptualizing and working with dissociation are included, following Donald Kalsched’s (2013) recommendation for a “binocular stance” to treatment, including both a focus on the inner, intrapsychic world and the interpersonal, relational realm, and how art images both illuminated and expressed these realms. Within the therapeutic process, art images allowed the therapist a view into the client’s unconscious process, and created a meeting ground for dissociative barriers to be gradually seen, felt and known, by both therapist and client. The experience of dissociation, in images and in session, provided a reference point for myself and my client, Taylor, to develop a shared understanding and a framework for growth.     

Chapter 6: Biblical Foundations for a Practical Theology of Aging

SUMMARY

This article reviews Biblical sources pertaining to the elderly, particularly the frail elderly. Founded on these sources, implications for elderly with Alzheimer's Disease and other forms of dementia are addressed through a personal perspective informed by writings of Christian mystics.