词频对学习判断的影响

该研究通过自定步速的联结学习任务,考察在学习高频词对和低频词对时即时学习判断的绝对准确性,以及学习判断准确性与回忆成绩的相关。实验结果显示:(1)即时学习判断等级与回忆成绩存在显著差异,即时学习判断在预测回忆成绩时出现显著的高估;(2)词频对高估程度有显著影响,高频词对的高估程度大于低频词对;(3)不论是高频词对还是低频词对,学习判断准确性与回忆成绩都有高相关,验证了元记忆假设。     

老年中国人自我记忆效应的研究

本研究用带R／K判断的再认范式考察了60岁和70岁两个年龄段的老年中国人的自我记忆效应,结果发现：老年人的记忆仍表现有自我参照效应,但60岁以上的老年中国被试中没有出现母亲参照加工的优势效应;60岁左右的老年人在自我参照加工、参照母亲加工、参照周恩来加工以及语义加工这四项任务中的再认成绩及R判断值都显著高于70岁的老年人,两组被试在K值上没有显著差异;老年人记忆成绩的下降主要体现在情景记忆中,语义记忆能力相对来说下降速度较慢。     

中国人的群体参照记忆效应

在自我参照效应范式中加入参照认同群体加工任务,比较了中国被试在参照中国人和参照美国人进行记忆加工时的再认率及“记得”与“知道”判断的成绩。两项实验结果一致表明,参照中国人加工的再认成绩显著高于参照美国人,表明记忆加工的认同群体参照效应,而在“记得”与“知道”指标上并无差异;参照中国人加工的再认成绩和“记得”判断成绩显著低于自我参照加工。根据个体自我、关系自我和集体自我的分类方法,自我参照效应反映了个体自我对于记忆加工的影响,群体参照效应则主要反映了集体自我的影响     

“差序格局”的心理学记忆视角的初步验证

本研究通过一个自我参照效应范式的实验探讨了费孝通所提出的"差序格局"是否反映在记忆再认中。42名被试完成了自我参照、"差序格局"中的内圈人物(亲人)参照和外圈人物(仅认识的人)参照、语义参照各条件下的记忆加工任务,然后分别对其再认率、R/K(记得/知道)判断率等进行测量。结果表明各参照条件下的再认率与R判断率呈现"差序格局"顺序,"差序格局"反映在记忆再认中。本研究认为"差序格局"中的远近不同人物影响信息的精细组织加工程度从而导致记忆再认效果差异。     

内隐和外显记忆测验中的具体性效应

通过三个实验考察词语的具体性对概念内隐和外显记忆测验成绩的影响,检验加工说对概念变量的预测,并对双重编码理论进行评析。实验一通过操纵词频变量发现,在低频词的再认中有具体性效应,但偏好测验中没有产生具体性效应。实验二使用低频词发现,词语联想和词语线索回忆中都有具体性效应。实验三通过操纵编码任务,在偏好测验中又获得了具体性效应。总体的实验结果既不完全符合加工说,也给双重编码理论带来了问题。     

任务类线索对学习难易度判断及其准确性影响的实验研究

摘要：通过两个实验考察任务类线索（词频、关联性、学习次数）对学习难易度判断及其准确性的影响。结果表明：（1）词频和关联性对学习难易度判断均有显著影响,高频词对、有关联词对的预测成绩显著高于低频词对和无关联词对的预测成绩;（2）高频词对和低频词对的预测成绩均出现高估,但低频词对的估计更准确;有无关联词对相比,无关联词对预测成绩偏差更大,有关联词对的难易度判断更准确;（3）词频高低只影响成绩的预测,不影响实际回忆成绩;关联性既影响对成绩的预测,也影响实际回忆成绩。（4）学习次数对难易度判断没有显著影响,但随学习次数增加,判断准确性降低,出现低估现象。结论：材料因素对学习难易度判断等级具有较稳定的影响;不同材料因素（词频、关联性）对难易度判断准确性的影响方式不同;学习次数对学习难易度判断没有显著影响;学习难易度判断中存在练习伴随低估效应。     

大学生偶发和外显编码中的自我参照效应

在自我参照范式中加入偶发编码加工方式,并采用R/K判断范式考察中国大学生在偶发编码和外显编码方式中的记忆成绩.结果发现:在R指标上,偶发编码方式和外显编码方式中均出现了自我参照效应和母亲参照效应;参照自我加工的记忆成绩显著高于参照母亲加工的记忆成绩;外显编码方式中的记忆成绩显著高于偶发编码方式的记忆成绩.结果提示,当需提高对信息的记忆成绩时,只要呈现自我线索就足够了,并不需要对其进行外显编码加工.     

网络游戏中化身参照的加工优势：来自行为与ERPs的证据

采用R/K范式和事件相关电位技术(ERPs)分别从加工结果和加工过程考察网络游戏中化身参照的加工优势。实验1采用R/K范式比较40名玩家在不同参照条件下的记忆成绩。结果发现：化身参照的总再认正确率、R反应再认正确率和辨别力d'都显著优于他人参照, 初步证实化身参照的记忆加工优势。实验2借助ERPs内隐地考察网络游戏中20名玩家的化身参照在加工时间进程上的神经机制。结果发现：加工化身名字比熟悉他人名字诱发更大的P2 (160~260 ms)和P3 (370~600 ms)波幅, 比外国熟悉他人名字的P3潜伏期更短。结果表明, 相比较其他信息, 玩家不仅能够迅速注意到化身相关信息, 还对化身相关信息进行了更加精细和深入地加工。综上所述, 无论是记忆结果还是加工时间进程, 都存在网络游戏中的化身参照加工优势。     

词频、易接近性和词表序列成分对近因效应影响的实验研究

本研究目的探讨词频、易接近性和词表序列成分对近因效应的影响及其原因。两个实验以不同词频和不同易接近性的中文词为材料,运用直接自由回忆程序和操纵词表的组成成分,探讨近因效应的特点。实验结果表明：词频对近因效应的作用受词表序列成分的影响,对于纯的词表,高频词回忆的比例比低频词更高,对于混合词表,低频词回忆的比例比高频词更高,但是词的易接近性不影响近因效应且不受词表序列成分影响。文章最后对近因效应的性质进行了讨论。     

快速呈现条件下语境与词频对中文语词识别的影响

本实验结果发现,词频影响单词的识别,语境的作用随SOA 的长短而变化.当SOA 较短时相关语境对高低频词的识别均有显著的促进作用,无关语境对高低频词的识别没有显著的抑制性影响。随着SOA 的延长相关语境对高频词的促进作用仍然显著,但无关语境对高频词的识别没有抑制作用,只对低频词有抑制性影响。文章认为语境词Lcgogen 的激活扩散方式和对目标词的加工方式之间的相互作用共同决定了本实验的词汇判断结果。     

Cognitive effort and the word frequency effect in recognition and lexical decision

Cognitive effort requirements for high and low frequency words were assessed during study for a recognition test and during the performance of a lexical decision task. Recognition for these words was tested following each task. Low frequency words received greater effort than high frequency words during study for recognition, and these words were subsequently recognized better than high frequency words. Cognitive effort requirements during performance of an incidental lexical decision task were similar to those during study for recognition. Moreover, recognition performance following the lexical decision task resembled performance following a recognition expectancy. Overall, the results indicate that low frequency words require more extensive processing than high frequency words and that this difference in processing may be a factor in recognition word frequency effects.     

错误记忆的自我参照效应：易化的作用

采用DRM范式,设置三种参照对象条件（自我、他人和中性参照）,考察错误记忆是否存在自我参照效应。结果发现：（1）与正确记忆一样,错误记忆中亦存在自我参照效应;（2）无论是正确记忆还是错误记忆,自我参照条件下的回忆成分均显著多于他人参照和中性参照,但熟悉性成分在三种不同参照对象条件下没有显著差异;（3）当词表中学习项目由分组呈现变为随机呈现时,错误记忆的自我参照效应仍稳定存在。结果揭示,自我参照效在促进正确记忆的同时,亦可易化错误记忆效应。     

Losing oneself upon placement in another’s position: The influence of perspective on self-referential processing

Self-referential processing is considered to be an essential index for exploring self-consciousness. However, whether perspective is the determining factor of the self-reference effect (SRE), which is accompanied by self-referential processing, has not been established. The present study aims to address this issue by using a self-reference paradigm, in which the participants perform a self-reference task while adopting different perspectives. Our results showed that trait words presented with the self in the first-person perspective (1PP) were better remembered compared to trait words presented with others. Interestingly, these SREs were decreased and even reversed in the third-person perspective. When the participants viewed themselves based on their friend’s perspective, no significant difference was found between the recognition performances of self- and friend-trait words. Moreover, an improved “remember” recognition performance of friend-trait words was found. These findings support the assumption that the 1PP is a necessary factor for self-advantage in self-referential processing.     

Word frequency effects in associative and item recognition

The word frequency effect (WFE) has been taken as evidence that recall and recognition are in some way fundamentally different. Consequently, most models assume that recall and recognition operate via very different retrieval mechanisms. Experiment 1 showed that the WFE reverses for associative recognition, which requires discrimination between intact test pairs and recombinations of study list words from different study pairs. Experiment 2, in which word triples were used, revealed an interaction between word frequency and test type: for item recognition, performance was better for low-frequency words; however, for associative recognition and free recall, performance was better for high-frequency words. In Experiment 3, item recognition was tested: although overall performance was better for low-frequency words, the recognition advantage for items in intact pairs was larger for high-frequency words, suggesting two components in recognition memory. These results imply common mechanisms in recall and recognition. Theoretical implications are discussed within the framework of the SAM model.     

“P300” and memory: Individual differences in the von Restorff effect

Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were elicited by words in a free recall paradigm that included a novel item. The P300 component of the ERP is elicited by novel, task-relevant events, and we tested the hypothesis that P300 is a manifestation of the cognitive processing invoked during “context updating.” If the degree to which current representations in working memory need revision is related to P300 amplitude, then the P300 elicited by a given item should be related to the ability to recall that item on a subsequent test. Forty lists were presented to 12 subjects in each of two sessions. The lists were 15 words long, and 1 word, in position 6 through 10, was “isolated” by changing its size. Most subjects recalled these isolated words more often than other words in the same positions (von Restorff effect), and these words also elicited larger P300s than other words. Analysis of variance on the component scores from a principal components analysis revealed that words recalled had a larger amplitude P300 (on initial presentation) than words not recalled. Striking individual differences emerged, and there were strong relationships between the von Restorff effect, overall recall performance, mnemonic strategies, and the association between components of the ERP and recall performance. The overall recall performance of subjects who reported simple (rote) mnemonic strategies was low, but they showed a high von Restorff effect. For these subjects the amplitude of the P300 elicited by words during initial presentation predicted later recall. In contrast, subjects who reported complex mnemonic strategies remembered a high percentage of words and did not show a von Restorff effect. For these subjects P300 did not predict later recall, although a later “slow wave” component of the ERP did. The initial response to isolated items was the same for all subjects (a large P300), and all subjects recognized the isolates faster than other words in a recognition test given at the end of each session. The subjects in whom P300 did not predict recall reported mnemonic strategies that involved organizing the material. These strategies continue long after the time period reflected by P300 (600 msec). Because they were so effective they may have overshadowed the relationship between P300 and recall, which is based on the initial encoding of an event. Our interpretations were further confirmed and clarified from data obtained in a final grand recall and in the recognition test.     

加工水平对普通话与粤语记忆语言依赖效应的影响

通过两个实验,考察了加工水平对普通话和粤语记忆语言依赖效应的影响。实验1考察了在有意学习中的记忆语言依赖效应。结果表明,测验的语言环境对再认有重要影响。被试在粤语测验环境下对学习过的韩国语词再认反应时短,误报率却低,辨别力强,“记得”反应占优势。实验2考察了无意学习中的记忆语言依赖效应。结果表明,被试在粤语测验环境下,对评定过的韩国语词再认反应时短,误报率却高,辨别力差,但“记得”反应占优势;但在普通话测验环境下,对评定过的韩国语词再认反应时长,误报率却低,辨别力强,“知道”和“猜测”反应增加。整个研究表明,记忆的语言依赖效应在有意学习和无意学习中都存在,但有不同的趋势,表明加工水平是影响普通话和粤语记忆语言依赖效应的重要变量     

Word frequency and list composition effects in associative recognition and recall

The effects of list composition and word frequency on cued recall, associative recognition, and item recognition were examined in three experiments For pure-frequency lists, cued recall and associative recognition show better performance on common high-frequency (HF) words than on rare low-frequency (LF) words. Item recognition, however, shows an advantage for LF words. In mixed lists, consisting of half HF and half LF words, the HF advantage in cued recall disappeared; however, the word frequency effects in item and associative recognition were unchanged. These results are inconsistent with explanations based on differential attention or co-rehearsal of KF and LF words. However, the results are consistent with list strength results which show that recognition is insensitive to strength-based list composition, but that recall is sensitive to list composition.     

Duration judgment and the segmentation of experience

Two experiments tested an interval segmentation explanation of duration judgment. In Experiment 1, a 170-sec time interval was filled with 27 unrelated words and three high-priority events (HPEs). These HPEs were clustered at the beginning of the interval (unsegmented condition) or distributed throughout the interval (segmented condition). Both recognition and recall of list information were measured, in addition to duration estimates. While no differences in memory performance were found, duration estimates were greater in the the segmented condition. Experiment 2 also tested the effects of interval segmentation but used 36 words and eight HPEs, a longer clock duration, and also measured the remembered number of events (RNE) in the interval. As in Experiment 1, the segmented condition produced longer duration estimates in the absence of memory performance and RNE differences. A segmentation hypothesis seems a better explanation of these results than previously proposed storage size or amount-of-processing models of duration judgment.