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Language evolution as a Darwinian process: computational studies 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper presents computational experiments that illustrate how one can precisely conceptualize language evolution as a
Darwinian process. We show that there is potentially a wide diversity of replicating units and replication mechanisms involved
in language evolution. Computational experiments allow us to study systemic properties coming out of populations of linguistic
replicators: linguistic replicators can adapt to specific external environments; they evolve under the pressure of the cognitive
constraints of their hosts, as well as under the functional pressure of communication for which they are used; one can observe
neutral drift; coalitions of replicators may appear, forming higher level groups which can themselves become subject to competition
and selection.
相似文献
Frédéric KaplanURL: http://www.fkaplan.com |
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达尔文在150年前提出了以自然选择为首要机制的进化理论,引发了达尔文革命.本文主要分析迈尔关于达尔文革命的有关论述,揭示这场革命的实质,即,它不仅是一场科学革命,而且也是一场思想革命.它对西方传统观念的许多重要方面(设计论、宇宙目的论、人类中心论、本质主义等)提出了挑战.同时,迈尔还提出了"种群思维"、"物理主义"等概念,有助于人们理解达尔文思想的深刻内涵,并且从-个侧面反映出迈尔的科学观和科学哲学思想. 相似文献
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Al-Qaeda is widely regarded by the military, law enforcement, diplomatic, and intelligence communities as being the foremost threat to U.S. national security and safety. The nature of this threat, however, has changed since al-Qaeda first emerged in the late 1980s. This article describes the emergence of a new form of transnational terrorism and details al-Qaeda's progression from being an organization to an ideological movement. Drawing on a theory of social movements, we analyze its trajectory and the levels of influence. We also offer a behavioral perspective in explaining how al-Qaeda has adapted as a learning organization with new leadership, tactics, and patterns of recruitment and training. 相似文献
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达尔文医学的哲学启示 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
梁桦 《医学与哲学(人文社会医学版)》1999,20(7):15-16
达尔文医学从本源上阐明队类疾病产生的偶然性与必然性的对立统一。其对进化论的重新反思和认识,具有重要的人文价值和现实意义。 相似文献
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Human faces show marked sexual shape dimorphism, and this affects their attractiveness. Humans also show marked height dimorphism, which means that men typically view women's faces from slightly above and women typically view men's faces from slightly below. We tested the idea that this perspective difference may be the evolutionary origin of the face shape dimorphism by having males and females rate the masculinity/femininity and attractiveness of male and female faces that had been manipulated in pitch (forward or backward tilt), simulating viewing the face from slightly above or below. As predicted, tilting female faces upwards decreased their perceived femininity and attractiveness, whereas tilting them downwards increased their perceived femininity and attractiveness. Male faces tilted up were judged to be more masculine, and tilted down judged to be less masculine. This suggests that sexual selection may have embodied this viewpoint difference into the actual facial proportions of men and women. 相似文献
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Laterality and human evolution 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
M C Corballis 《Psychological review》1989,96(3):492-505
The question of whether there is a fundamental discontinuity between humans and other primates is discussed in relation to the predominantly human pattern of right-handedness and the left-cerebral representation of language. Both phenomena may go back at least to Homo habilis, 2-3 million years ago. However, a distinctively human mode of cognitive representation may not have emerged until later, beginning with H. erectus and the Acheulean tool culture about 1.5 million years ago and culminating with H. sapiens sapiens and rapid, flexible speech in the last 200,000 years. It is suggested that this mode is characterized by generativity, with multipart representations formed from elementary canonical parts (e.g., phonemes in speech, geons in visual perception). Generativity may be uniquely human and associated with the left-cerebral hemisphere. An alternative, analogue mode of representation, shared with other species, is associated with the right hemisphere in humans. 相似文献
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从近视眼的进化史来看,伴随人类生活方式的改变,眼睛对近距离信息摄取的需求膨胀是近视眼形成的终因.在漫长的人类历史中,近视眼获得的每一种益处,都伴随着相应的代价.而达尔文医学关于生物进化的不完美性决定了近视眼的进化适应和代价将长期共存.因此,从治疗模式来看,应该摒弃达尔文医学固有的消极性而考虑生物的整体性和生态性.近视眼的中医和基因治疗正是避免了达尔文医学治疗模式的理论消极性,而且融入了其有关生物进化、遗传与环境统一的部分理念,可能成为近视眼治疗的候选策略. 相似文献
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Recycling, evolution and the structure of human personality 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Concomitant with the recent surge in environmental awareness of the industrialized world, social scientists have begun searching for the determinants of recycling behavior. Although the efforts of these scientists – most notably, environmental psychologists – are commendable, they have as yet not isolated the strategies by which long-term recycling can be effectively encouraged. In this article, I comment that by giving proper attention to the evolved structure of human personality, the emerging paradigm of evolutionary psychology may have something to offer those wishing to encourage durable and generalizable recycling behavior. 相似文献
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胡佐鸿 《医学与哲学(人文社会医学版)》2012,33(8):61-63
应用达尔文医学理论从病原体及宿主相互作用对细菌性阴道病(BV)进行分析.从病原体的角度看,白带增多是BV病原体成功繁殖传播基因的表现,白带异味有利于BV病原体基因传播,妇产科诸多并发症是BV病原体对宿主的调控;从宿主的角度看,BV白带增多作为症状是宿主的防御,BV白带异味是宿主的欺骗性繁殖策略,BV妇产科诸多并发症减轻了宿主的繁殖投资.得出结论,在祖先环境中对病原体及宿主双方而言BV都是有利的,因而BV相关基因在疾病进化中被选择保留. 相似文献
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Michael M. Gruneberg 《Applied cognitive psychology》1998,12(5):529-532
Thomas and Wang in a series of recent papers (Thomas and Wang, 1996; Wang and Thomas, 1992; Wang, Thomas and Ouellette, 1992) demonstrate one condition under which the Keyword Method fails to enhance the longer-term retention of foreign language vocabulary, namely when immediate testing of learned material is prevented. However, they then go on to use this demonstration to argue that the Keyword Method in general is inferior to rote learning in the longer-term retention of vocabulary. They discount the considerable evidence, some of which they produce themselves, that where immediate retrieval is required of learned vocabulary, the longer-term retention of vocabulary is considerably superior to any rote-learning condition. In practical terms, where interaction with testing is allowed, therefore, Keyword learning is the manipulation which most enhances later retention. Again, at a practical level, in real-life situations, interactions determine actual performance, not just one variable acting on its own. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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J Montangero 《L' Année psychologique》1984,84(3):433-460
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The expression of quantity is central to many acts of communication, both formal and casual. Expressions of quantity, whether in numbers and percentages or in language, are used to convey information about frequency, certainty, risk, and degrees of association. It has typically been supposed that the many linguistic expressions that convey quantities are merely vague ways of indicating information that would be better conveyed by numbers and percentages, whenever possible. However, we show that such a view is too simplistic and is misleading. Language expressions can be more informative than numerical information alone. Language expressions carry built-in perspectives that affect the inferences and decisions made by listeners and readers. We also show that information presented through numbers (e.g., the depiction of fat content of foods) is not necessarily neutral, but also induces perspective. Failure to recognize effects of perspective may have led to some false conclusions about how people attribute causation. 相似文献
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Hin-Chung E. Hung 《Erkenntnis》1987,27(3):323-352
Incommensurable theories are said to be both incompatible and incomparable. This is paradoxical, because, being incompatible, these theories must have the same subject-matter, yet incomparability implies that their subject-matter is different. This paper's proposed resolution of the paradox makes use of the distinction between internal subject-matter and external subject-matter for languages (frameworks) as outlined by W. Sellars. Incommensurability arises when two languages share the same external subject-matter but differ in internal subject-matter. When they share the same external subject-matter, they can be inconsistent (hence incompatible), and yet incomparable (because they are about distinct internal subject-matter). A substantial part of the paper is devoted to the technical development of the notion of inconsistency as a relationship between languages in contrast to the traditional notion of inconsistency between statements.An earlier abridged version of this paper was read to the 1983 Annual Conference of New Zealand Division of the Australasian Association of Philosophy. I owe my gratitude to various people for their criticisms, especially to Andrew Holster. 相似文献