青少年期母子性格与家庭亲密度的关系:性格喜好的作用

研究旨在考察性格喜好与母子性格、家庭成员亲密度的关系以及性格喜好在其他两个变量之间的中介作用。成都市632对初高中学生及其母亲分别自评并填写了艾森克人格问卷,同时评价喜欢对方性格的程度。另外,青少年还报告了与家庭成员的亲密程度。通过相关分析、多元方差分析、层级回归分析以及结构方程模型建模,结果发现：性格喜好与母亲性格、青少年性格均有显著关系,青少年对母亲的性格喜好程度与家庭成员间的亲密感有显著正相关。青少年性格和青少年对母亲的性格喜好程度能直接预测家庭成员亲密度,同时青少年和母亲的性格还通过青少年对母亲的性格喜好程度间接作用于家庭亲密度,提示性格喜好在二者的关系中发挥了重要的中介作用。     

母子性格、性格匹配与青少年期母子冲突的关系

从成都市两所中学选取709名初一至高三的学生和他们的母亲,采用问卷调查的方式,要求学生报告自己的性格,以及过去六个月中母子冲突的形式和在八个方面母子冲突的频率,要求母亲报告自己的性格,以探讨母子性格、性格匹配和青少年期母子冲突的关系。结果发现,母亲的情绪稳定性与母子冲突的关系更为明显,可以预测很多方面的母子冲突。     

亲子沟通对青少年社会适应的影响:兼及普通学校和工读学校的比较

该研究利用协方差结构模型的方法,对青少年的亲子沟通与其行为问题、同伴关系和学业成绩之间的关系进行了考察,并就父子沟通和母子沟通对青少年社会适应影响的差异进行了分析,最后用多样本比较分析了普通学校初中生和工读学校学生之间的差异。结果表明：(1)理论模型与数据吻合很好,家庭亲子沟通影响青少年的行为问题、同伴关系和学业成绩。(2)父子沟通与母子沟通对学生的同伴关系、行为问题和学业成绩的影响无显著差异。在各观察变量中,父子沟通时间和母子沟通态度对青少年的同伴关系有显著影响,亲子沟通(父母)时间对青少年行为问题的发生有影响。(3)不同类型学校之间多样本比较表明,普通校与工读校的青少年在模型结构上存在差异。工读校的青少年,其母亲的沟通态度和选择的沟通场合对同伴关系有显著影响,其父亲对沟通场合的选择和母亲的沟通内容对行为问题的发生有显著影响,父亲沟通的内容与主动性对青少年的学业成绩有影响。(4)普通校学生的同伴关系对行为问题没有显著影响,但在工读学校,同伴关系对行为问题有显著影响。     

农村选民的性格类型特征与其选举行为的关系

以云南省两个县8个自然村262名选民为被试,采用自编“农村选举行为问卷”和“性格形容词评定量表”探讨了选民性格类型特征及其与选举行为的关系。结果表明(1)农村选民的性格特征可分为积极性格、消极性格和中间性格三种类型;(2)积极性格类型的选民对农村选举制度意义的认识端正,并在投票时首先考虑候选人的品德和才能,而消极性格类型的选民对选举意义的认识存在偏差,其投票行为受候选人身份特征和选民自身物质利益的影响。     

冲动性人格、亲子沟通对青少年网络成瘾的交互作用分析

本研究通过对1610名初一至高三学生的问卷调查,考察了冲动性人格、亲子沟通对青少年网络成瘾的交互影响。经过方差分析、相关分析和回归分析的结果表明：（1）与非网瘾青少年相比,网瘾倾向青少年的行动冲动性和无计划冲动性显著更高,与父亲和母亲的沟通都更差;（2）行动冲动性、认知冲动性和无计划冲动性均与青少年网络成瘾成显著正相关,而父子沟通和母子沟通均与青少年网络成瘾成显著负相关;（3）行动冲动性和无计划冲动性可正向预测青少年网络成瘾,但认知冲动性的预测作用不显著;母子沟通可负向预测青少年网络成瘾,但父子沟通的预测作用不显著;（4）行动冲动性和母子沟通对青少年网络成瘾存在交互影响,具体而言,对于低行动冲动性青少年而言,母子沟通对其网络成瘾具有显著的负向预测效应;但对于高行动冲动性青少年而言,母子沟通对其网络成瘾具有正向但不显著的预测作用。     

性格是疾病的一个危险因素吗

性格是一个人稳定的心理特征的体现 ,性格与主要由先天遗传因素决定的“气质”有所不同 ,性格既存在先天性遗传的因素 ,又存在后天性的影响 ,而且后天的教育和环境因素是起决定作用的因素 ,因此性格又是可以转变的 ,这一观点表明性格与血型两者的含义不能混同 ,我国学者反对由血型决定性格的观点。目前已知的性格类型主要有Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ、Ｄ四种类型。1　Ａ和Ｂ型性格1 1　Ａ型性格195 9年由旧金山的Ｆｒｉｅｄｍａｎ及其助手正式提出了一种假设 ,认为具有快节奏、急脾气、好冲动 ,以及好胜心过强行为类型的人 ,容易发生冠心病 ,他称之为Ａ型…     

核心家庭父亲协同教养对青少年抑郁的影响:父子依恋和母子依恋的中介作用

基于家庭系统理论,采用父亲协同教养、父子依恋、母子依恋和抑郁量表,对河南省某中学初中一、二年级,高中一、二年级共计890名来自核心家庭的青少年进行调查,探索父亲协同教养各维度（团结、一致、冲突、贬低）与青少年抑郁之间的关系,以及父子依恋和母子依恋在二者关系中的中介作用。结果表明：（1）在控制其它维度作用的情况下,父亲协同教养中的团结和冲突对青少年抑郁具有显著的预测作用,一致和贬低对抑郁的预测作用不显著,表明团结、冲突对青少年抑郁具有显著的“独特效应”;（2）团结、一致、冲突、贬低性协同教养均对母子依恋具有显著影响,支持家庭系统中的“交叉效应”;团结、冲突对父子依恋具有显著影响,支持家庭系统中的“外溢效应”;（3）中介效应分析的结果表明,团结、一致、冲突对抑郁的直接效应不显著,母子依恋在团结与青少年抑郁、冲突与青少年抑郁的关系中起到完全中介作用,但父子依恋的中介作用不显著。本研究有助于增进对父亲协同教养的认知,对于指导家庭教育实践、促进青少年心理积极发展具有重要的意义。     

青少年亲子关系与网络成瘾:孤独感的中介作用

采用分层整群取样的方法,在北京市九所中学共抽取3766名中学生,要求以匿名方式填写Buchnan等人的亲子亲密度量表、雷雳等人的青少年病理性互联网使用量表和Asher等人的儿童孤独量表,考察青少年的父子关系、母子关系、孤独感与网络成瘾的关系。通过相关分析、结构方程模型等分析方法,结果发现:(1)中学生的网络成瘾率为11.2%,且男生的网络成瘾率显著高于女生的成瘾率;重点中学青少年的网络成瘾率显著低于普通中学和职业中学;(2)中学生的亲子关系与自身的孤独感、网络成瘾均呈显著负相关;而中学生的孤独感与自身的网络成瘾呈显著正相关;(3)父子关系不仅可以直接显著负向预测青少年的网络成瘾程度,而且还可以通过影响青少年的孤独感进而间接地负向预测青少年的网络成瘾;而母子关系只通过影响青少年的孤独感间接地负向预测青少年的网络成瘾。总之,孤独感在中学生父子关系影响自身网络成瘾的关系中起部分中介作用;而在母子关系影响自身网络成瘾的关系中起完全中介作用。     

青少年的性格异常与矫正

性格是表现人的态度和行为风格的心理特征。异常性格,将会影响个人的品行与进步,影响正常的人际关系,个体将不能适应正常的学校和社会活动。青少年中常见的异常性格有以下几种：     

母子关系、师幼关系与学前流动儿童的社会适应行为

母子关系和师幼关系是儿童早期发展中最重要的人际关系, 在儿童社会适应中扮演着重要的角色。研究以北京市271名学前流动儿童和552名学前城市儿童为被试, 采用问卷法考察母子关系、师幼关系与学前流动儿童的社会技能、外显和内隐问题行为之间的关系。结果发现:(1)流动儿童母子关系亲密程度低于城市儿童, 母子关系冲突性、师幼关系亲密性和冲突性与城市儿童没有差异;(2)母子关系对儿童社会适应行为的预测作用在流动儿童和城市儿童上没有显著差异, 母子关系亲密性正向预测社会技能, 负向预测内隐问题行为;母子关系冲突性负向预测社会技能, 正向预测外显和内隐问题行为;师幼关系亲密性正向预测城市和流动儿童的社会技能, 并且显著负向预测流动儿童的内隐问题行为;(3)师幼关系对母子关系的调节作用主要表现在流动儿童而非城市儿童上, 师幼关系低冲突能够减少母子关系冲突性对流动儿童社会技能的负向预测作用, 师幼关系高亲密能够减少母子关系冲突性对流动儿童内隐问题行为的正向预测作用。     

Culturally Competent Family Therapy with Latino/Anglo-American Adolescents: Facilitating Identity Formation

On two occasions separated by one year, Chinese adolescents (N = 2,758) responded to instruments measuring their perceived parent-adolescent trust (i.e., paternal trust of the child and the child's trust of the parent) and other dimensions of parent-child relational qualities (satisfaction with parental control, readiness to communicate with the parent, and global satisfaction with the parent-child relationship). Results showed that perceived parent-adolescent trust was concurrently and longitudinally related to other dimensions of parent-child relational qualities. Multiple regression analyses suggest that the relations between perceived parent-adolescent trust and different dimensions of parent-child relational qualities over time were bidirectional in nature. Relative to perceived paternal trust of the adolescent child, adolescent child's trust of their parents exerted a stronger influence on different dimensions of parent-adolescent relational qualities, particularly in the father-adolescent dyad. While the influence of the child's readiness to communicate with the parents on parent-adolescent trust was weak in the father-adolescent dyad, the influence of global satisfaction with the parent-adolescent relationship on parent-adolescent trust was weak in the mother-adolescent dyad. The implications of the present findings on parent education and family therapy are discussed.     

人格与青少年犯罪的关系研究

简要介绍了有关青少年犯罪的人格理论,然后按照研究中所采用的不同的人格测量工具：明尼苏达多相人格测验、艾森克人格问卷、卡特尔16项人格因素测验和加利福尼亚人格问卷,以及大五人格问卷分类综述了近10年来人格与青少年犯罪的关系研究。近五年的研究主要采用大五人格结构,将变量中心法和个体中心法相结合,以及将人格和环境因素相结合来研究人格对青少年犯罪的影响作用。进一步的研究需要在人格测量和研究设计上予以改进,深入揭示人格对青少年犯罪的影响机制     

Paternal and maternal influences on family functioning among Hong Kong Chinese families

The linkages between dyadic relationships in the family and family functioning were examined in 378 Chinese families on two occasions. The following dyadic relationships were investigated: (a) parent-child relationship qualities reported by adolescent children (questionnaire and interview measures of parenting style, parent-adolescent conflict, parent-adolescent communication, and parent-adolescent relationship) and by their parents (questionnaire measures of parent-child relationship quality and demand); and (b) marital quality reported by the parents via questionnaire measures. Results showed that parents' and children's views of family functioning were longitudinally related to dyadic relationships in the family. Relative to mother-adolescent relationship and mothers' report of marital quality, father-adolescent relationship and fathers' report of marital quality were generally found to have a stronger association with perception of family functioning and its change over time.     

Paternal and Maternal Influences on Family Functioning Among Hong Kong Chinese Families

The linkages between dyadic relationships in the family and family functioning were examined in 378 Chinese families on two occasions. The following dyadic relationships were investigated: (a) parent-child relationship qualities reported by adolescent children (questionnaire and interview measures of parenting style, parent-adolescent conflict, parent-adolescent communication, and parent-adolescent relationship) and by their parents (questionnaire measures of parent-child relationship quality and demand); and (b) marital quality reported by the parents via questionnaire measures. Results showed that parents' and children's views of family functioning were longitudinally related to dyadic relationships in the family. Relative to mother-adolescent relationship and mothers' report of marital quality, father-adolescent relationship and fathers' report of marital quality were generally found to have a stronger association with perception of family functioning and its change over time.     

Parent-Adolescent Relationship and Adolescent Psychological Functioning among African-American Female Adolescents: Self-Esteem as a Mediator

African-American female adolescents living in urban areas are at increased risk for adverse adjustment outcomes. The present study accomplished two goals. First, the quality of the parent-adolescent relationship across age groups was examined for differences among younger (i.e., 12'14) versus mid-range (i.e., 15'16) versus older (i.e., 17'18) adolescents. Second, self-esteem was examined as a possible mediator of the relationship between the quality of the parent-adolescent relationship and adolescent psychological functioning in a sample of 608 African-American urban adolescent females. With regard to developmental shifts in the quality of the parent-adolescent relationship, midrange adolescents reported a significantly poorer relationship with their mother than older adolescents. Results also indicated that self-esteem partially mediated the relationship between parent-child relationship and adolescent psychological functioning. Mental health professionals can broaden their interventions that aim to improve adolescent psychological functioning by either focusing on the quality of the parent-adolescent relationship or adolescent self-esteem.     

Longitudinally Foretelling Drug Use in the Late Twenties: Adolescent Personality and Social-Environmental Antecedents

This research focuses on the interrelation of the parent-child attachment, unconventionality, friends' drug use, and the young adult's use of drugs. Data were collected from participants at 4 points in time: early adolescence, late adolescence, early 20s, and late 20s. Data were collected from mothers at the 3 points in time that corresponded with the first 3 collections of data from their children. Both the youths and their mothers were individually interviewed. The findings indicated that the effect of parent-child mutual attachment was mediated through early adolescent personality attributes of greater responsibility, less rebelliousness, and intolerance of deviance. These non-drug-prone personality and behavioral attitudes, in turn, insulated the young adult from affiliating with drug-using peers, and these attitudes were related to less drug use in the early 20s and ultimately in the late 20s. The results suggest that interventions focused on enhancing parent-child mutual attachment should result in a reduction of the risk factors conducive to drug use during the late 20s. The fact that these findings cover a decade and a half, from early adolescence to the late 20s, underscores the significance of placing drug use in a perspective that includes familial and behavioral aspects.     

亲子冲突与青少年社会适应的关系

从北京市四所普通中学选取 82 9名初一、初二、高一和高二学生为被试 ,采取匿名的方式让被试报告自己在过去半年内分别与父亲和母亲在学业、做家务、交友、花钱、日常生活安排、外表、家庭成员关系和隐私等八个方面发生冲突的频率 ,以及自己的问题行为、抑郁和社交焦虑的情况 ,以此探讨亲子冲突与青少年社会适应之间的关系。结果发现 :(1 )父子和母子在冲突内容上有很大的差别 ;母子冲突多于父子冲突 ,且母子冲突和父子冲突的侧重点也有所不同。 (2 )在学业和生活方面 ,发生亲子冲突的青少年远多于没有亲子冲突的青少年 ,但在其余六个方面却是没有亲子冲突的青少年多于发生亲子冲突的青少年。在发生亲子冲突的青少年中 ,与双亲均发生冲突的青少年最多 ,其次是只与母亲发生冲突的青少年 ,与父亲发生冲突的青少年最少。 (3 )亲子冲突与青少年的抑郁和问题行为具有较为一致的关系 ,即与双亲发生冲突的青少年所表现的问题行为和抑郁最多 ,其次是与单亲发生冲突的青少年 ,问题行为和抑郁表现最少的是与双亲均无冲突的青少年 ;但亲子冲突与青少年社交焦虑之间的关系并没有一致的趋势。     

Adolescent personality,problem behaviour and the quality of the parent–adolescent relationship

The relationship between adolescent personality and problem behaviour has been well established. However, relatively little attention has been given to the role of the social environment in the association between adolescent personality and problem behaviour. We tested the mediating and moderating role of the quality of the parent–adolescent relationship in the associations between adolescents' personality traits and problem behaviour. The sample consisted of 140 adolescents (11 to 18 years of age) and both their parents. Results supported a mediating role of the father/mother–adolescent relationship in the associations between Agreeableness, Emotional Stability, and Conscientiousness and externalizing problem behaviour. The father/mother–adolescent relationships did not mediate the associations between personality traits and internalizing problem behaviour. We also found support for a moderating role of the father/mother–adolescent relationships in the association between Emotional Stability and both externalizing and internalizing problem behaviours. Other moderated effects were specific for parent, personality trait and type of problem behaviour. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.