志愿服务对集体主义道德原则的彰显与弘扬

集体主义是我国社会主义道德建设的基本原则,以人为本、公平正义、互助合作和无私奉献是集体主义道德原则的当代阐释。志愿服务与集体主义道德原则内在统一、相互契合,前者是后者的外显形式和实践方式,后者是前者的内在动力和行为目标。志愿服务通过积极倡导以人为本、公平正义的价值理念和互助合作、无私奉献的伦理精神,实现对集体主义道德原则的彰显与弘扬。     

马克思主义视阈中的共同体与道德——兼及集体主义道德原则的三重合理性基础

在马克思主义视阈中,共同体作为人的社会性存在方式内含道德要素,而道德作为共同体的本质和纽带则是共同体生活的自然结果。共同体不但生成社会意识从而形成人们价值与行为的道德共识,而且塑造生活世界从而形成道德行为的赏罚机制,还衍生社会关系从而形成普遍化与多层次的道德文化,这使之成为道德生成与发展的前提性基础。依据道德的经济社会制约性原理,自然共同体产生朴素的集体主义道德意识,虚假共同体衍生阶级或个人的本位主义道德,真正共同体生成以集体主义为原则的社会主义道德。集体主义道德既是生产社会化时代利益整合的客观结果,又是人的社会本质与整全个性的德性复归,还是人的道德自由与道德自觉的逻辑前提,具有坚实的社会、历史与价值合理性基础。     

论集体主义道德的补偿规范与现实的利益补偿制度

集体主义道德原则包括集体利益的优先性、个人正当利益的合理性、集体利益与个人利益应当协调发展三方面。集体主义道德包含着补偿规范,必须使现实的制度成为体现集体主义道德补偿规范的道德的制度,才能为集体主义道德的充分实践创造良好的制度环境。     

人权:从集体主义角度看

自由主义或个人主义的人权观里蕴涵着某些真理性的因素 ,在历史上所起的作用也不完全是消极的。然而 ,自由主义人权观的要害在于个人主义 ,即把个人的权利和自由夸大化、绝对化 ,从而完全否定集体 ,否定社会公共权力 ,包括国家权力。对于人与人之间存在的种种矛盾和斗争 ,包括关于人权问题上的矛盾和分歧 ,不是从思想上就能够化解得了的 ,而是要诉诸实际 ,有些甚至还要发展到武力对抗。为了把人与人之间的矛盾和斗争控制在一定范围内 ,保持社会秩序的稳定 ,不致引起社会的分裂与崩溃 ,就必须设立一个社会公共权力来维持。这个社会公共权力 ,能够在一定程度和范围内反映、调整社会各个方面的利益 ,代表他们的共同要求 ,排除和制止某些个体 (或群体 )的某些不合理的权利 ,抵制外部的侵略和压力。更重要的是 ,它应该成为一支积极的实践活动的力量 ,集合社会上一定的人力、物力、财力 ,去保卫人权并实施和落实每个人的正当权利。人权与集体主义不是根本对立的 ,坚持集体主义不但不会损害人权 ,反而能够更好地把握人权 ,找到实现人权的正确道路。     

论集体主义的历史特征及其生命力——从集体主义与个人主义的关系说起

作为新的价值观,集体主义与个人主义是有本质区别的,它们分别植根于不同的社会关系基础上,有着不同的历史特征;但是,前者对后者又有着深刻的历史继承关系,集体主义充分吸取了个人主义的有价值因素,所以,集体主义是比个人主义更高层次的价值观。集体主义的这个形成过程,使它具有了比个人主义更强大的生命力。     

个体主义/集体主义的影响因素:生态视角

个体主义/集体主义是衡量文化的重要维度。两者的价值取向有所区别,前者关注自我的独特性,而后者关注自我与他人的关系。近年来研究者发现了众多影响个体主义/集体主义的新因素并构建了理论。这些理论中有4个理论非常具有代表性:现代化理论、气候-经济理论、传染病理论以及大米理论。其中后3个理论从远因的角度来对个体主义/集体主义的成因进行了探讨,为研究者探究个体主义/集体主义成因提供了新思路。未来个体主义/集体主义影响因素的研究可以用多种测量方法综合的方式或者从基因的角度来进行探索。     

个体主义/集体主义的“东西”与“南北”差异

东西方个体主义/集体主义差异主要受“历史因素”影响,如经济发展不平衡与传统文化、宗教制度等文化遗产差异;而南北方差异主要受“地理因素”影响,如不同的气候条件、生存方式以及传染病流行程度等。在概述影响个体主义/集体主义的因素及其相关理论基础上,借鉴年鉴学派观点将主要影响因素归为短、中与长三个时段,探讨各时段因素在不同尺度文化比较中的解释力,并提出两点展望：（1）结合短时段与长时段因素考察多元测量方法结果的一致性;（2）文化变迁研究除主要关注短时段因素的影响外,还应关注长时段因素。     

价值观多样化势态与坚持社会主义集体主义价值观导向

本文论述了在市场经济条件下,价值观多元化的发展趋势及加强集体主义价值观导向的重要意义。集体主义价值观要适应市场经济发展的要求,就必须进行体系结构的调整和内容更新。这种新的集体主义应具有三个特点：①强调集体形成的出发点是为了维护集体成员的正当的个人利益;②要体现道德要求的先进性与广泛性的统一;③要体现践行道德义务与谋求切身利益的统一。     

国内集体主义思想研究述评

集体主义是马克思主义伦理学的基本原则之一.改革开放30余年来,我国伦理学界认真反思市场经济确立之后集体主义的缺陷与不足,对集体主义的基本内涵进行了诠释和界定,对形形色色的个人主义进行了有力的批判,对如何完善发展集体主义作了积极探索.     

斯宾诺莎的集体主义

尽管斯宾诺莎的思想被诸多不同的学派援引,但通过一定的阐释,从他那里可以找到一种独特而有力的集体主义。德勒兹、奈格里和蒙塔格为此提供了有用的论述。这种对斯宾诺莎政治哲学的集体主义阐释比对他的多种个人主义阐释更加充分地说明了他对自由的捍卫。不过与德勒兹等人的理解相反,斯宾诺莎式的集体更加偏重于德勒兹所说的结块的一面,而非分子的一面。     

From Intent to Enrollment,Attendance, and Participation in Preventive Parenting Groups

Applying the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to the process of engagement in preventive parenting groups, we tested the ability of family and child measures to predict intent to enroll, enrollment, attendance, and quality of participation in PACE (Parenting Our Children to Excellence). PACE is a prevention trial testing the efficacy of a structured program to promote effective parenting and reduce risk of adverse child outcomes. Mothers of preschoolers (N=451) from diverse ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds participated at two sites. Results showed that mothers who stated their intent to enroll reported relatively few time constraints but high levels of stress, as did mothers who enrolled. The latter also experienced elevated levels of oppositional defiant child behaviors, indicating that the program reached families who stood to benefit from it. Attendance, which was also best predicted by few time constraints, was high (with 49% of mothers who enrolled attending 5 or more of 8 sessions). In turn, attendance predicted quality of participation (at 1 site only), with mothers attending more sessions participating more actively and enthusiastically. Ethnicity and, with a few exceptions, socioeconomic circumstances and site, were not significant predictors of intent, enrollment, or attendance. Results provide qualified support for the TPB and illustrate its relevance to preventive research and interventions.     

品牌社区的形成与发展:社会认同和计划行为理论的视角

品牌社区是指一种特定的,不受地域限制的,基于某一品牌崇拜者之间结构化的社会关系而建立的社区。大量研究围绕社会认同理论、计划行为理论等相关理论,试图揭示品牌社区的形成、发展及作用机制。现有研究发现消费者对品牌的态度及其所感受到的主观行为规范等因素会影响个体的社区参与水平,而参与品牌社区有助于社区成员产生品牌认同,进而有效地维持并提高其品牌忠诚度。未来研究应该更多地关注自尊、自我意识以及社会认同威胁等变量。此外,国内研究者还应当考虑到东西方文化差异,促进相关理论及概念的本土化。     

Distracted pedestrians in crosswalks: An application of the Theory of Planned Behavior

Thousands of adult pedestrians are killed or injured each year. In spite of ever growing knowledge of correlates of risk pedestrian behavior, much remains to be learned. A small body of research has applied the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to the problem of risky crossing decisions. We employed TPB to examination of intentions to cross under varying types of distraction. Eighty adults completed measures of injury exposure, followed by a questionnaire structured around TPB assessing intentions to cross streets under common conditions of self-imposed distraction. Results were similar to other research, suggesting attitude and perceived behavioral control predicted intentions to cross streets while distracted. Results are discussed in the context of similar studies, and with regard to future directions and injury prevention efforts.     

Attitudes Toward Civil Liberties: A Cross-Cultural Study

In a test of the hypothesis that irrational thinking is associated with phobic anxiety, the Rational Behavior Inventory and the Fear Survey Schedule were administered to 128 undergraduates. Although a statistically significant correlation between irrationality and phobic anxiety was found, the result appears to have little clincial meaning. Other evidence is cited which suggests that rational emotive therapy is best suited for the treatment of generalized anxiety, whereas deconditioning treatments are appropriate for most cases of phobic anxiety.     

Untangling the Theory of Planned Behavior's auxiliary assumptions and theoretical assumptions: Implications for predictive and intervention studies

It has been asserted that the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is better at behavioral prediction than it is behavioral change. However, the performance of a theory depends not only on the theoretical propositions, but the auxiliary assumptions attached to the theory. It is because of such auxiliary assumptions, which are required to bridge the gap between nonobservational terms at the level of theory and the observational terms at the level of the empirical hypothesis, that we believe critiques of the TPB's utility are misguided. We argue that a failure to separate theoretical assumptions from auxiliary assumptions leads to this false assumption. We suggest the importance of distinguishing between the auxiliary assumptions required for prediction studies and the auxiliary assumptions required for intervention studies. We believe that in attaching sound auxiliary assumptions to intervention studies, the TPB is equally effective at facilitating behavior change as it is behavior prediction.     

Women's expectations and experience of birth

Empirical research has identified two distinct item clusters used to measure perceived behavioral control (PBC) labeled self-efficacy and controllability. Self-efficacy has been reported as the superior predictor of intention in all research efforts with these PBC factors. However, we argue that the conception of these item clusters originates from backward theorizing and hypothesize that controllability items are better indicators of the originally conceived PBC construct, while self-efficacy taps the measurement domains of both PBC and intention. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate factor distinction with PBC and intention items across disparate samples of 302 undergraduate students and 267 cancer survivors in the exercise domain. Results found the only model with acceptable fit across populations was that of controllability and intention ( h 2 (8) = 6.91, p = 0.55; RMSEA = 0.00; CFI = 1.00 for undergraduates and h 2 (8) = 26.51, p <0.01; RMSEA = 0.09; CFI = 0.97 for cancer survivors) supporting our hypothesis that the controllability concept, but not the self-efficacy factor, has a clean measurement distinction from intention. Further, self-efficacy items showed factor complexity between PBC and intention across both samples, suggesting that self-efficacy may have been reported as superior to controllability in predicting intention due to measurement redundancy rather than meaningful causal influence.     

Red light running by young motorcyclists: Factors and beliefs influencing intentions and behavior

Traffic violations by young riders are major safety problems in motorcycle dominated countries. This study investigates young motorcyclist’s red light running (RLR) intentions and behavior based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) framework. Behavioral, normative, and control beliefs underlying rider’s RLR are identified. Young riders (N = 246) complete a TPB questionnaire measuring direct and beliefs-based measurement items. The exploratory factor analysis technique reveals factors according to TPB. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) results show moderate to good fits to the observed data and provide qualified support for the utility of TPB in explaining traffic violation behavior. The findings reveal that perceived norm and attitude dominate violation intentions. Beliefs about normative referents and negative outcomes affect RLR intentions. Intentions affect behavior, especially when riders lack of perceived autonomy. Rider’s degree of control is affected by the beliefs about facilitating circumstances and weather conditions. Besides, perceived autonomy and perceived capacity each influence violation intention and behavior independently. Implications for young motorcyclist safety interventions based on current findings are discussed.     

Even with the Best of Intentions: Paternal Involvement and the Theory of Planned Behavior

Implicit in much of the fatherhood discourse is the assumption that if fathers want to take an active role in their children's lives, they could and would do so. While research has highlighted the factors associated with fathers' involvement, very few, if any, of these studies have been guided by a theory that accounts for both fathers' involvement intentions and their ability to follow through on those intentions. The theory of planned behavior and its emphasis on attitudes, the beliefs of significant others, and whether one has control over engaging in behavior is a conceptual fit to respond to questions related to the complex nature of paternal involvement. Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Well‐being Study, the purpose of this study was to test the utility of the theory of planned behavior in predicting fathers' involvement intentions and reports of involvement. The results revealed that the theory of planned behavior can be useful in examining paternal involvement and should be used in future research to enhance the fatherhood literature.     

The adoption of physical activity and eating behaviors among persons with obesity and in the general population: the role of implicit attitudes within the Theory of Planned Behavior

Obesity can be prevented by the combined adoption of a regular physical activity (PA) and healthy eating behaviors (EB). Researchers mainly focused on socio-cognitive models, such as the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), to identify the psychological antecedents of these behaviors. However, few studies were interested in testing the potential contribution of automatic processes in the prediction of PA and EB. Thus, the main objective of this study was to explore the specific role of implicit attitudes in the pattern of prediction of self-reported PA and EB in the TPB framework, among persons with obesity and in adults from the general population. One hundred and fifty-three adults participated to this cross-sectional study among which 59 obese persons (74% women, age: 50.6 ± 12.3 years, BMI: 36.8 ± 4.03 kg m^–²) and 94 people from the general population (51% women; age: 34.7 ± 8.9 years). Implicit attitudes toward PA and EB were estimated through two Implicit Association Tests. TPB variables, PA and EB were assessed by questionnaire. Regarding to the prediction of PA, a significant contribution of implicit attitudes emerged in obese people, β = .25; 95%[CI: .01, .50]; P = .044, beyond the TPB variables, contrary to participants from the general population. The present study suggests that implicit attitudes play a specific role among persons with obesity regarding PA. Other studies are needed to examine which kind of psychological processes are specifically associated with PA and EB among obese people.     

COVID-19 Help-Seeking Behaviors: Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior

The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is highly contagious. More than 247 million cases have been confirmed by the end of October 2021. Seeking help earlier may slow the spread of COVID-19 because it may help in early detection of infected cases, and it facilitate tracing those who were with close contact with infected cases. The purpose of this study is to identify participants’ intentions toward COVID-19 seeking help and the factors affecting their decision. This is a cross-sectional study. An online survey using Google Forms was used for data collection. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was used to explain intentions to seek help for COVID-19. The concepts included in the Theory of Planned Behavior and COVID-19 knowledge were used as predictors. The sample included 780 participants, with an average age of 28.60±9.86 years old. Most of the sample were female (67.4%) and having a bachelor’s degree (72.7%). Participants showed high level of knowledge regarding COVID-19, 73% of the sample had a total knowledge score equal to or higher than 85%. Also, participants had high positive attitudes and high intentions to seek help for COVID-19. The four predictors: Attitudes towards COVID-19, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and COVID-19 knowledge significantly explained intentions to seek help. Participants had high intentions to seek help for COVID-19, which was related to having positive attitudes toward seeking help, high social approval, high perceived controllability, and high COVID-19 knowledge levels. Regular awareness campaigns during early stages of pandemics should be performed to improve attitudes and knowledge level, which may improve prevention measures, and promote help seeking behaviors. Consequently, this may facilitate early detection of cases, and slow the spread of pandemics.