歧视知觉、抑郁和农村留守儿童的学业成绩：纵向中介模型

以1147名双亲外出儿童和父亲外出儿童为被试,采用追踪研究设计,探讨了农村留守儿童歧视知觉和学业成绩之间的相互作用关系以及抑郁在其中的中介作用。结果发现:（1）农村留守儿童的学业成绩显著负向预测其随后的歧视知觉,但是歧视知觉不能显著预测其随后的学业成绩;（2）抑郁在留守儿童的学业成绩和歧视知觉之间起着纵向中介作用。这表明,学业成绩是降低留守儿童歧视知觉水平的重要资源,良好的学业成绩不仅可以直接降低农村留守儿童的歧视知觉,而且还能通过降低其抑郁水平来降低农村留守儿童的歧视知觉水平。     

歧视知觉与农村留守青少年的孤独感:亲子分离年龄和分离时长的作用

以1177名农村留守青少年为被试（包括394名双亲外出青少年和783名父亲外出青少年）,考察其歧视知觉和孤独感之间的关系,并检验亲子分离年龄和分离时长在其中的调节作用。结果发现：（1）双亲外出青少年的歧视知觉水平显著高于父亲外出青少年,留守男生的孤独感显著高于女生;（2）歧视知觉能够显著正向预测留守青少年的孤独感,且对双亲外出青少年孤独感的预测作用强于父亲外出青少年;（3）与亲子分离年龄较大相比,在亲子分离年龄较小的情况下,歧视知觉对双亲外出青少年孤独感的预测作用更强;与亲子分离时间较长的青少年相比,在亲子分离时间较短的情况下,歧视知觉对两类留守青少年孤独感的预测作用更高;（4）亲子分离时长对歧视知觉与父亲外出青少年孤独感之间关系的调节作用因亲子分离年龄不同而有所差异。     

歧视知觉对留守青少年攻击行为的影响：多重中介效应分析

为考察歧视知觉对留守青少年攻击行为的影响及其作用机制,采用问卷法对662名留守中学生进行调查。结果表明：（1）歧视知觉、抑郁、愤怒、道德推脱与攻击行为两两显著正相关。（2）歧视知觉不能直接影响留守青少年攻击行为,但存在四条显著的间接路径：愤怒的简单中介作用;道德推脱的简单中介作用;抑郁和道德推脱的链式中介作用;愤怒和道德推脱的链式中介作用。因此,抑郁、愤怒和道德推脱在歧视知觉与留守青少年攻击行为之间起多重中介作用。     

社会经济地位与留守儿童社会适应的关系:歧视知觉的中介作用

本研究旨在考察歧视知觉(包括个体和群体歧视知觉)在社会经济地位和留守儿童社会适应之间的中介作用.542名10~18岁留守儿童参加了本次调查,测量工具包括社会经济地位(三个指标:父母职业,父母受教育程度和家庭经济),个体和群体歧视知觉量表,积极和消极情感量表,自尊量表和问题行为量表.结果发现:(1)留守儿童社会经济地位与其社会适应之间有着显著的正相关;(2)相对于个体歧视知觉,留守儿童群体歧视知觉在家庭社会经济地位和社会适应之间的中介作用更为显著;(3)留守儿童群体歧视知觉中介模型不存在显著的性别差异,但高群体歧视知觉的男生比同类别的女生更容易产生社会适应问题.     

歧视知觉与农村留守儿童积极/消极情绪的关系:亲子亲合的保护作用

以378名双亲外出儿童和803名父亲外出儿童为被试,考察了歧视知觉与两类留守儿童积极/消极情绪的关系,并探讨了亲子亲合对二者关系的调节作用及其性别差异。结果表明:(1)歧视知觉水平越高,留守儿童的积极情绪越低,消极情绪越高;(2)父子亲合水平越高,留守儿童的积极情绪越高,消极情绪越低;母子亲合水平越高,留守儿童的积极情绪越高;(3)母子亲合可以调节双亲外出儿童的歧视知觉与其积极/消极情绪之间的关系:高母子亲合可以缓冲歧视知觉对儿童积极情绪的负向预测和对儿童消极情绪的正向预测;(4)母子亲合可以调节父亲外出儿童的歧视知觉与其积极/消极情绪之间的关系,且该调节作用存在性别差异。     

留守初中生同伴侵害与攻击性的关系:链式多重中介模型

为探究留守初中生同伴侵害与攻击性的关系机制,通过构建链式多重中介模型,考察歧视知觉、孤独感和心理韧性在二者关系中的多重中介效应。采用问卷调查法对519名留守初中生进行调查,结果显示：（1）留守初中生同伴侵害的发生率为96.3%,具有普遍性;（2）留守初中生同伴侵害、歧视知觉、孤独感、心理韧性与攻击性之间均呈显著相关;（3）留守初中生的歧视知觉、孤独感和心理韧性在其同伴侵害与攻击性的关系中具有链式多重中介作用;（4）同伴侵害与攻击性关系模型具有一定稳定性,同时在是否留守及单亲与双亲外出留守初中生群体中存在显著差异。研究结果揭示了同伴侵害与攻击性的关系机制,可为探索留守初中生不良同伴关系的教育策略提供参考。     

留守初中生同伴侵害与攻击性的关系:链式多重中介模型

为探究留守初中生同伴侵害与攻击性的关系机制，通过构建链式多重中介模型，考察歧视知觉、孤独感和心理韧性在二者关系中的多重中介效应。采用问卷调查法对519名留守初中生进行调查，结果显示：（1）留守初中生同伴侵害的发生率为96.3%，具有普遍性；（2）留守初中生同伴侵害、歧视知觉、孤独感、心理韧性与攻击性之间均呈显著相关；（3）留守初中生的歧视知觉、孤独感和心理韧性在其同伴侵害与攻击性的关系中具有链式多重中介作用；（4）同伴侵害与攻击性关系模型具有一定稳定性，同时在是否留守及单亲与双亲外出留守初中生群体中存在显著差异。研究结果揭示了同伴侵害与攻击性的关系机制，可为探索留守初中生不良同伴关系的教育策略提供参考。     

歧视知觉与留守初中生孤独感和问题行为：师生关系和同学关系的作用

采用问卷法对894名农村留守初中生进行调查，探讨歧视知觉与留守初中生孤独感和问题行为的关系，并考察师生关系和同学关系的作用。结果表明，歧视知觉正向预测留守初中生的孤独感和问题行为，师生关系、同学关系负向预测留守初中生的孤独感和问题行为；师生关系削弱了歧视知觉对母亲外出留守初中生孤独感的作用，同学关系削弱了歧视知觉对双亲外出留守初中生孤独感的作用；但师生关系和同学关系增强了歧视知觉对母亲外出和双亲外出留守初中生问题行为的作用。研究结果提示，歧视知觉是影响留守初中生孤独感和问题行为的危险因素，良好的师生关系和同学关系有利于降低留守初中生的孤独感、有利于预防和减少留守初中生的问题行为。     

亲子亲合、逆境信念与农村留守儿童积极/消极情绪的关系

分别以173名双亲外出儿童和167名父亲外出儿童为被试,采用问卷法,探讨了父子/母子亲合、逆境信念与两类留守儿童积极/消极情绪的关系及作用机制。结果表明：（1）双亲外出儿童的逆境信念水平显著低于父亲外出儿童;（2）在双亲外出儿童群体中,父子亲合能够显著预测其积极情绪和消极情绪,而母子亲合仅能显著预测其积极情绪;在父亲外出儿童群体中,父子亲合仅能够预测其消极情绪,母子亲合则能够预测其积极情绪;（3）逆境信念在父子亲合/母子亲合与积极情绪之间起中介作用,但这种中介作用只存在于双亲外出儿童群体中。     

亲子关系与农村留守儿童孤独感、抑郁:感恩的中介与调节作用

采用问卷法对424名农村留守儿童和229名农村一般儿童进行入户调查,以考察亲子关系对孤独感、抑郁的影响及感恩在其中的中介与调节作用。结果发现：（1）与农村一般儿童相比,农村留守儿童的孤独感、抑郁均较高,父子关系、母子关系和感恩均较低;（2）父子关系、母子关系负向预测农村留守儿童/一般儿童孤独感、抑郁,且感恩均起部分中介作用;（3）感恩对农村留守儿童父子关系与孤独感、抑郁的预测关系有调节作用,随着感恩水平提高,父子关系对孤独感、抑郁的负向预测力增强。     

Does Socioeconomic Status Matter for Chinese Immigrants’ Academic Socialization? Family Environment,Parental Engagement,and Preschoolers’ Outcomes

Families’ academic socialization mediates how socioeconomic status (SES) affects children’s achievement. However, little is known about whether cultural values and family cohesion could buffer negative effects of low SES. We examined parental academic socialization and children’s achievement in 220 low- and middle-SES Chinese immigrant families with four-year-olds. Low-SES parents showed less stressful family environments and stronger beliefs about parental responsibility for education. However, middle-SES parents provided more reading engagement and enrichment activities. Reading engagement and SES were significantly associated with children’s academic performance. These findings demonstrate low-SES families’ strengths but suggest the need to provide more support for such families.     

同伴拒绝、同伴接纳与农村留守儿童的心理适应：亲子亲合与逆境信念的作用*

以424名农村儿童为被试,基于留守儿童和非留守儿童之间的比较,在同伴关系的背景下探讨了亲子亲合与个体逆境信念对儿童攻击、学业违纪与孤独感的作用。结果表明：(1)同伴拒绝能显著增加儿童的攻击、学业违纪与孤独感,同伴接纳则显著降低儿童的学业违纪与孤独感,亲子亲合、积极的逆境信念能够显著降低儿童的孤独感;(2)亲子亲合对同伴拒绝与儿童攻击、学业违纪之间关系的调节效应在双亲外出儿童与非留守儿童群体中存在差异：高亲合条件下,同伴拒绝与非留守儿童的攻击、学业违纪之间存在显著关联,但是在双亲外出儿童中,这些关联不再显著;(3)亲子亲合能够调节同伴接纳与儿童孤独感之间的关系：在低亲合条件下,同伴接纳能够显著降低儿童的孤独感,但是二者在高亲合条件下不再存在关联。结果提示,农村留守儿童与父母间的紧密情感联结对于促进其心理适应具有保护作用,同伴接纳对儿童的亲情缺失具有补偿作用。     

Parental Health and Children’s Functioning in Immigrant Families: Family Roles and Perceived Treatment at School

Although parents’ health condition is generally thought to be related to their involvement in their children’s functioning, the possible dynamics behind the scenes in school contexts with immigrant children has received little attention. This study examined the association between parents’ health condition and their children’s academic and behavioral functioning, as well as the mediation effects of parents’ school engagement and children’s perceived treatment at school among 607 immigrant families with 10- to 12-year-old children. Using structural equation modeling, the results indicated that parents’ poor health condition was associated with children’s increased behavioral problems. Parents’ school engagement fully mediated the association between parental health condition and children’s academic achievement and partially mediated the association between parental health condition and children’s behavior problems. Notably, higher levels of parents’ school engagement were associated with increased behavior problems, demonstrating a unique feature in these immigrant children’s developmental functioning. Higher levels of perceived harsh treatment by peers at school due to children’s immigrant identity were associated with these children’s greater risks of behavior problems. The results suggested what may lie behind the scenes in these children’s behavioral problems is that many of these children who act out and are brought to the school office for disciplinary issues may suffer from perceived discrimination and bad treatment by their peers. The findings provide important implications for researchers, healthcare practitioners, and educators seeking to understand this subpopulation and to design and implement family support and prevention programs for young adolescents from immigrant backgrounds.     

Maternal Mind-Mindedness and Children’s Behavioral Difficulties: Mitigating the Impact of Low Socioeconomic Status

Relations between mothers’ tendency to comment appropriately on their 8-month-olds’ internal states (mind-mindedness) and children’s behavioral difficulties (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire) at ages 44 and 61 months were investigated in a socially diverse sample (N?=?171, 88 boys). Controlling for maternal depressive symptoms, perceived social support, sensitivity, child language ability, and child gender, maternal mind-mindedness was negatively related to children’s externalizing and internalizing behaviors specifically in low socioeconomic status (SES) families. Furthermore, behavioral difficulties at age 44 months mediated the relation between maternal mind-mindedness and behavioral difficulties at age 61 months, but only for low SES families. These findings are discussed with reference to possible ways in which mind-mindedness could inform interventions targeted at at-risk groups.