和谐医患关系的心理机制及其促进技术

基于群体心理研究的相关理论和方法, 通过整合医患关系的结构表征与动态建构过程, 提出和谐医患关系的心理机制综合模型, 主张和谐医患关系的结构可以医疗满意度、医患信任以及医疗方案服从性作为基本的观测指标; 和谐医患关系的动态建构过程经由就医前零接触的群际医患关系和医患互动过程中即时性的人际医患关系两大递进性成分相互作用后逐步形成。其中, 群际层面和谐医患关系的建构主要受到医患舆情传播、医疗制度信任以及医患群际关系因素(如群际认知偏差、群体认同等)的影响, 人际层面和谐医患关系的建构主要受到医患人际信任水平和医患沟通模式(包括信息互动模式与沟通交往模式)的影响。在此基础上, 验证并提出和谐医患关系的促进策略。     

医患个体特征影响共享决策的心理路径：基于内隐原型视角

医患共享决策对医患双方均可产生积极效果,但已有研究多限于综述其影响因素而未探究背后的心理路径。文章从内隐原型的理论视角,提出医患对自身和对对方的共享决策内隐原型,并据此阐明医患个体特征影响共享决策的内隐原型心理路径(医患心理特征→医患心理状态→医患共享决策内隐原型→医患共享决策行为)。以此为划分标准,文章建构医患共享决策的内隐原型研究框架,整理总结以往医患共享决策影响因素的研究,并提出发掘影响共享决策的医患个体特征、探究医患个体特征可能影响的心理状态、检验医患共享决策内隐原型的作用、关注医患个体特征发挥作用的调节变量等潜在的研究主题。     

中医问诊的生物心理社会医学模式

问诊是中医临床诊查疾病的重要方法之一.在内容上,中医问诊涵盖了对患者生物、心理和社会因素的全面观察和分析;在方式上,中医问诊重视患者主诉,并对患者主动而有针对性地询问和沟通.中医问诊是医生与患者主动交流互动的平台,体现了现代生物心理社会医学模式,对当前医学模式转变和医患关系改善有重要的参考意义.     

心理学视角下的医患关系

医患关系是医患双方心理及行为的交往和互动关系。其个体心理属性包涵双方的性格、情感、动机、期望及行为方式。影响医患关系的社会心理因素主要是医患双方角色意识的差异与归因偏差、医患双方的认知心理偏差及社会舆论的心理导向作用。从心理建设的角度,提出了构建和谐医患关系的措施。     

医患之间的伦理难题及其解决原则

1　医患关系与伦理难题1.1　新条件下的医患关系对于医患关系 ,已有的研究成果主要揭示了其含义、历史演变、形式和内容、影响因素[1] ;或概念、演变发展、内容、模型、存在的问题及对策[2 ] 等。界定其“定义 (或概念 )”为 :“以医生为主体的人群与以病人 (或‘就医者’)为中心的人群之间的关系。”“内容”主要分析其技术方面和非技术方面 ;“形式 (或模型 )”主要援引美国学者萨斯和荷伦德提出的三种 :主动被动型、指导合作型和相互参与型。“历史演变”要么按照医学发展的线索 ,要么按照人类社会发展的线索进行分析。同时分析我国医患…     

中国医患社会心态问卷的初步编制与信效度检验

确立医患社会心态的医患社会情绪、医患社会认知、医患价值观与医患行为倾向四个维度,并在每个维度下建立分问卷,分医方卷与患方卷编制了国内首个标准化中国医患社会心态问卷。在初测问卷进行探索性因素分析的基础上,对有效患方卷和医方卷进行验证性因素分析,验证了四维度结构的合理性。中国医患社会心态问卷内部一致性系数在0.757～0.932之间,两周重测信度在0.632～0.759之间; 各因素间呈中等偏低的相关,验证性因素分析的各项参数在可接受水平; 专家评定效度良好。各分问卷可在中国大陆地区单独或组合使用。     

构建“医患沟通学”的思考与探索

中国医患关系紧张的原因涉及观念、国情、法制、政策、制度、医疗方式等。构建“医患沟通学”有重要的意义:医患迫切需要恢复和谐信任关系;新型医学模式变革、医学人才的培养及医学发展等更需要搭建“医患沟通”新的研究平台,并完善其理论。医患沟通实践与研究的过程,就是临床教师、医务卫生人员提高医学人文素质和实践能力的新途径。     

构建"医患沟通学"的思考与探索

中国医患关系紧张的原因涉及观念、国情、法制、政策、制度、医疗方式等.构建"医患沟通学"有重要的意义:医患迫切需要恢复和谐信任关系;新型医学模式变革、医学人才的培养及医学发展等更需要搭建"医患沟通"新的研究平台,并完善其理论.医患沟通实践与研究的过程,就是临床教师、医务卫生人员提高医学人文素质和实践能力的新途径.     

现代社会中医患沟通视野下的医学涵义

现代社会派生出许多新生事物,对医学与医疗影响深远。其中,医患沟通作为当今中国医学界高度重视的新概念与新行为,与现代医学模式相吻合,引发出医患双方的共同目标——健康生存,进而推导出现代医学内涵及定义。     

人际医患信任的概念内涵、正向演变与影响因素

人际医患信任是人际水平上的医患信任, 是医患双方在互动过程中, 相信对方不会做出不利于自己甚至有害于自己行为的一种预期判断和心理状态。理想化的人际医患信任的正向演变可能呈现出由计算型信任到了解型信任, 再到认同型信任这一逐渐深化的过程。社会环境、就医情境与个体特征因素交互作用于医患信任建立与演变的心理机制与过程。未来研究应收集纵向数据探索医患信任的内容维度、影响机制及其演变特征, 并验证医患信任对于医患双方态度与行为的具体作用机制。     

Family as a source of support under stress: Benefits of greater breadth of family inclusion

Family has profound meaning and represents the most important ingroup for most people, yet, we know very little about how lay perceptions of family affect well-being. In the current work, we examined how lay theories about breadth of family inclusion (i.e., including a broader variety of entities in one’s definition of family) were related to family experiences and to well-being. In Study 1, we found that lay theories about family as including a wider variety of entities (i.e., greater breadth of inclusion) predicted more positive family evaluations, more positive qualities, and greater family importance. In Study 2, we found that greater breadth of family inclusion was associated with greater resilience in the face of stress. Finally, in Study 3 we used an experimental manipulation of breadth of family inclusion, establishing that broader views of family produced greater social needs fulfillment. Implications for the role of ingroup memberships and identities in promoting well-being are discussed.     

Why best cannot last: Cultural differences in predicting regression toward the mean

Four studies were conducted to investigate cultural differences in predicting and understanding regression toward the mean. We demonstrated, with tasks in such domains as athletic competition, health and weather, that Chinese are more likely than Canadians to make predictions that are consistent with regression toward the mean. In addition, Chinese are more likely than Canadians to choose a regression‐consistent explanation to account for regression toward the mean. The findings are consistent with cultural differences in lay theories about how people, objects and events develop over time.     

Data versus Spock: lay theories about whether emotion helps or hinders

The android Data from Star Trek admired human emotion whereas Spock viewed emotion as irrational and maladaptive. The theory that emotions fulfil adaptive functions is widely accepted in academic psychology but little is known about laypeople’s theories. The present study assessed the extent to which laypeople share Data’s view of emotion as helpful or Spock’s view of emotion as a hindrance. We also assessed how help and hinder theory endorsement were related to reasoning, emotion regulation, and well-being. Undergraduates (N?=?630) completed a stressful timed reasoning task and questionnaires that assessed their theories of emotion, emotion regulation strategies, happiness, and social support. Overall, participants viewed emotion more as a help than a hindrance. The more they endorsed the view that emotion helps, the better their reasoning scores. Endorsing a help theory also predicted the use of reappraisal which, in turn, predicted greater happiness and social support. In contrast, endorsing the view that emotion hinders was associated with emotion suppression and less social support. Thus, people’s theories about the functionality of emotion may have important implications for their reasoning and emotional well-being.     

Lay Theories of Happiness

Over 230 young people completed a battery of questionnaires measuring personality, self-esteem, and happiness as well as one developed specifically for this study on their theories of the causes of happiness. The 36 causes factored into six internally coherent and interpretable factors. Self-reported happiness, extraversion and sex were correlated with the lay theory factors. Four of the six factors were modestly (r < 0.20) correlated with the Oxford Happiness Inventory (OHI) scores. Path analysis, using the OHI as the dependent variable, showed self-esteem, extraversion and neuroticism direct predictors of happiness but that among the lay theories, only lay theories about optimism and contentment were direct predictors. Personality and demographic variables did predict the lay theories but the latter did not act as moderator or mediating factors between the former and happiness. The role and function of lay theories with respect to happiness are discussed.     

Gender differences in romantic relationship memories: who remembers? Who cares?

Two studies were conducted to assess patterns of gender differences in memory for romantic relationship events. Results suggested that people believe that women have better memory for romantic relationship events than men, that better relationship memory predicts higher levels of relationship well-being, and that the association between relationship memory and relationship well-being is somewhat stronger for women than for men. Women did tend to have somewhat better relationship memory than men, as assessed via subjective reports from both partners in mixed-sex relationships, and via the number of details partners provided when asked to recall a specific relationship event (i.e., their first date). Consistent with the lay theories, both own and partner’s better relationship memory predicted higher levels of relationship well-being; however, the association between better relationship memory and higher levels of relationship well-being was equally strong for both genders. Implications and future research directions are discussed.     

阴谋论信念的产生机制——社会认知视角的三种解释

社会心理学将阴谋论视作一种意识形态上的信念,并定义为人们将重大的政治或社会事件归因为有权力的群体或个人暗中预谋以达成其目的的解释倾向。社会认知视角为个体这种阴谋论信念的产生提供了三种解释。错觉模式感知导致人们认知上倾向于在不相关的事件之间建立联系;敏感性动因觉察影响人们过度感知并假定事件背后的动因、目的和意图等;投射是将自己愿意参与阴谋的意图归因于事件中的他人。     

Treatment hurts: Lay theories of graded exposure in the treatment of four anxiety disorders

Objective: This paper concerned the perceived suffering/side effects caused by various well-known treatments for personal problems. It looked at whether people understood whether potentially painful treatments that confront negative aversive affect were effective or not.

Method: In total, 106 participants completed a long questionnaire assessing the ‘psychological pain’ ratings of 30 psychotherapy treatments, varying in fear exposure, for four relatively common anxiety disorders: social phobia, agoraphobia, post-traumatic stress disorder, and obsessive compulsive disorder.

Results: Factor analytic results revealed four clear factors underlying lay efficacy beliefs of psychotherapy interventions, varying in fear exposure: talking therapies, fear confrontation, fear avoidance, and alternative therapies. Talking therapies were rated the most effective across all disorders, but also the most painful. Fear avoidance therapies were rated the least effective and, along with alternative medicine, the least painful. Treatments involving fear exposure were rated the most painful. Regression analysis revealed talking therapies to be rated more efficacious by younger subjects than older subjects.

Conclusion: Most people seem able to differentiate between the efficacies of interventions for different anxiety disorders and hold consensually held optimistic conceptions about the usefulness of psychotherapy treatments and counseling that involve fear exposure, despite knowledge of the psychophysical side effects that these therapies often entail. They favored talking cures over others, but that may have been due to misleading items in the questionnaire.     

中国人的时间知觉广度

时间知觉是社会结构和文化传统的映射,具有深刻的社会文化意涵。本文聚焦时间知觉广度这一概念,探讨中国人的时间知觉广度及其对自我连续性和社会变化观等心理过程的影响。通过综合讨论诸多实验发现提出,中国人具有较大的时间知觉广度,包括具有显著的过去取向和未来取向。较大的时间知觉广度提升了中国人跨时间的自我连续性,并且影响着中国人看待世事变化的变化观,这些特点又进一步影响到其它心理过程,例如对苦难和幸福的解读,在股票市场中的决策等。在一定程度上,这些特点可能是中国人在应对不确定性和重大危机时表现出更强的心理韧性和复原力的心理基础。本研究还指出中国人时间知觉广度具有独特的文化意义,包括整体性思维、过去现在未来互嵌互动和双向延展、与自我连续性和社会结构相关联以及具有道德属性等。基于此,本研究提出了时间知觉广度的文化心理比较模型,并分析了时间知觉广度对自我同一性和文化同一性的影响结果。希望本文能为进一步研究“中国人应对历史危机的心理特征与行为表现”提供科学依据。     

意象思维与躯体化症状：疾病表达的文化心理学途径

意象思维是中国人的传统思维模式, 它通过观物取象和取象比类的方式认知世界、推演联系。这种思维模式塑造了中国人特有的身心不分而非两分的身体观、疾病观和治疗观。在中国人的观念中, 身体不仅仅是一具生理躯体, 还具有气、阴阳、五行等本土概念所体现的弥合物质与精神、联结生理与心理的模糊性与开放性。人们在表达疾病感觉时通常不分生理与心理, 任何一方面出现不适感觉即可认为自己生病, 在面对心理医生时也倾向于同时报告躯体状况与心理感觉, 从而使得临床报告出现较高的躯体化报告率。这正是文化心理影响疾病表达的体现。这也使得疾病不仅是一种医学现象, 也是一种文化现象; 医学不仅需要生理知识, 也需要人文知识。     

An essentialism perspective on intercultural processes

Essentialist theories are the beliefs that there are immutable essences underlying observed differences between social groups (e.g. racial group, cultural group). This paper reviews the intergroup dynamics and intrapersonal processes associated with essentialism. It also explores the interplay between the two. By explicating the intricate relationship between these psychological processes, the current paper aims to advance our understanding of intergroup relations and identify their implications for the study of multiculturalism. We posit that although the commonly observed negative intergroup outcomes, such as prejudices and biases, can be the byproducts of basic cognitive processes associated with essentialist theories, the social power dynamics in a given society also play important roles in shaping the relationships between essentialism and intergroup outcomes. We then discuss the implications of this understanding to our increasingly multicultural world.