初中生网络欺负的发展趋势：道德推脱、观点采择与共情关注的作用

以496名初中生为研究对象, 对其网络欺负行为进行为期2年的4次追踪测试, 同时测试其道德推脱、观点采择与共情关注。采用潜变量增长模型探讨初中生网络欺负行为的发展轨迹, 并分析道德推脱、观点采择与共情关注的影响。结果发现, (1)在2年时间内, 初中生网络欺负行为呈显著下降趋势, 起始水平与下降速度有显著负相关; (2)道德推脱能显著正向预测初中生网络欺负行为的起始水平, 负向预测其下降趋势; (3)观点采择能够显著负向预测初中生网络欺负行为的起始水平, 正向预测其下降趋势。上述结果肯定了道德推脱与观点采择对初中生网络欺负发展轨迹的预测作用, 以网络情境支持了道德推脱理论, 部分支持了社会信息处理模型。     

父母教养方式与初中生网络受欺负行为的关系:一项追踪研究

以491名初中生为研究对象,对其网络受欺负行为进行为期2年的4次追踪测试,同时测试其父母教养方式。采用潜变量混合增长模型探讨初中生网络受欺负行为的多种发展轨迹,并分析父母教养方式的影响。结果发现：（1）在2年时间内,初中生网络受欺负行为呈显著下降趋势;（2）初中生网络受欺负行为存在两种下降趋势,即快速下降与慢速下降;（3）父亲拒绝、父亲过度保护与母亲拒绝这三种教养方式可增加两组初中生的网络受欺负行为,同时也可降低其网络受欺负行为的下降速度;（4）父亲情感温暖可显著预测快速下降组的初始水平和发展速度,母亲过度保护可显著预测慢速下降组的初始水平和发展速度,母亲情感温暖可显著负向预测慢速下降组的发展速度。上述结果证实父母教养方式对初中生网络受欺负行为发展轨迹的预测作用,支持了Kowalski网络欺负模型。     

现实受欺负与青少年网络欺负行为：愤怒反刍的中介作用及道德推脱的调节作用

摘 要 本研究采用整体抽样法对2407名青少年进行问卷调查,探讨了现实受欺负对网络欺负行为的影响,以及愤怒反刍的中介作用和道德推脱的调节作用。结果表明：（1）现实受欺负可以显著地正向预测网络欺负行为。（2）愤怒反刍在现实受欺负与网络欺负行为之间起部分中介作用。（3）现实受欺负通过愤怒反刍对网络欺负行为产生影响的间接效应受到道德推脱的调节。具体来说,对于道德推脱水平高的青少年而言,愤怒反刍会对网络欺负行为产生显著的正向预测作用;而对于道德推脱水平低的青少年而言,愤怒反刍对网络欺负行为的预测效应变得不再显著。     

观点采择对大学生网络偏差行为的影响：道德推脱的中介作用

运用问卷调查的方法,以424名大学生为研究对象,探讨了观点采择和道德推脱对大学生网络偏差行为的影响。研究发现：（1）大学生的网络偏差行为并不十分严重,但男生的网络偏差行为明显多于女生的网络偏差行为;（2）观点采择会对大学生的网络偏差行为产生显著的负向影响,但这一影响过程需要通过道德推脱的完全中介作用而实现。     

累积生态风险对农村初中生攻击行为的影响：有调节的中介模型

本研究旨在探讨累积生态风险与农村初中生攻击行为之间的关系，以及道德推脱的中介作用与共情的调节作用。通过对845名农村初中生进行问卷调查，结果发现：（1）农村初中生累积生态风险、道德推脱与攻击行为两两之间均存在显著正相关；（2）道德推脱在累积生态风险与农村初中生攻击行为之间起部分中介作用；（3）共情调节道德推脱在累积生态风险与攻击行为之间的中介效应，相对于共情水平较高的农村初中生，中介效应在共情水平较低的农村初中生中更显著。     

受欺负对初中生主动性和反应性攻击的影响：道德推脱和性别的作用

本研究采用追踪研究设计，探讨受欺负与初中生主动性和反应性攻击之间的关系，道德推脱的中介作用以及性别的调节作用。研究对2533名八年级学生(初测年龄为13.95±0.60,51.32%男生)开展了间隔半年的两次测查。结果表明：(1)T1受欺负显著正向预测T2主动性攻击和反应性攻击；(2)T2道德推脱在T1受欺负和T2主动性、反应性攻击之间均起到部分中介作用；(3)主动性攻击的中介模型还受性别的调节，在女生中T1受欺负对T2道德推脱的预测作用更强，在男生中T2道德推脱对T2主动性攻击的预测作用更强。本研究的结果提示，相关教育工作者需要关注受欺负青少年的道德推脱水平，对这些青少年的道德认知进行有效干预，从而阻断受欺负和攻击行为之间的关联。     

父母冲突与初中生攻击行为:道德推脱的中介作用

采用父母冲突儿童知觉量表、道德推脱问卷和攻击行为问卷调查了370名初中生道德推脱的基本特点及其在父母冲突与攻击行为之间的作用。结果发现:(1)男生的道德推脱水平显著高于女生的道德推脱水平;初中生的道德推脱水平在年龄上存在显著的差异,15、16岁初中生的道德推脱水平显著高于13、14岁初中生的道德推脱水平;(2)父母冲突会对初中生的攻击行为产生显著的正向影响,并且道德推脱在父母冲突与初中生攻击行为之间起着部分中介作用。     

特质愤怒对大学生网络攻击行为的影响:道德推脱的作用

为探讨特质愤怒、道德推脱及大学生网络攻击行为之间的关系,选取450名大学生,采用特质愤怒量表、道德推脱问卷和网络攻击行为量表进行调查。结果表明：（1）特质愤怒对大学生网络攻击行为有着显著的正向影响,并间接地通过道德推脱对大学生网络攻击行为产生作用,道德推脱起部分中介作用;（2）道德推脱在特质愤怒对大学生网络攻击行为的影响中起显著的调节作用,具体而言,在高道德推脱水平下,特质愤怒能显著的正向预测大学生网络攻击行为,而在低道德推脱水平下,特质愤怒对大学生网络攻击行为的预测作用不显著。     

自恋与攻击行为的关系:观点采择和共情关注的调节作用

为考察自恋对攻击行为的影响以及观点采择和共情关注在其中的调节效应,采用自恋人格问卷、人际反应指针量表和简版Buss-Perry攻击问卷,对562名大学生进行调查。结果发现:(1)自恋显著正向预测攻击行为;(2)观点采择和共情关注均可负向调节自恋与攻击行为的关系,两者都能显著抑制高自恋者的攻击行为,却无法影响低自恋者的攻击行为。因此,提高观点采择和增强共情关注是减少高自恋者攻击行为的重要途径。     

道德推脱对大学生网络偏差行为的影响:道德认同的调节作用

运用问卷调查法, 通过对550名大学生的调查, 探讨了道德推脱对大学生网络偏差行为的影响及道德认同在这一影响中的调节作用。结果发现:(1)大学生的道德推脱水平在大一和大二时无明显的性别差异, 但在大三和大四时男生的道德推脱水平明显高于女生;(2)道德推脱对大学生的网络偏差行为产生显著正向影响, 道德认同对大学生的网络偏差行为产生显著负向影响, 并且道德认同在道德推脱影响大学生网络偏差行为的过程中起着显著的调节作用。在高道德认同情况下, 大学生的网络偏差行为不会随着道德推脱水平的升高而产生明显变化;在低道德认同情况下, 大学生的网络偏差行为会随着道德推脱水平的升高而显著地增多。     

Morally disengaged and unempathic: do cyberbullies fit these definitions? An exploratory study

In recent years, the phenomenon of cyberbullying has been gaining scholars' growing interest under various aspects, including its overlap with face-to-face bullying. Nevertheless, its relationships with cognitive and affective empathy, proactive and reactive aggression, and moral disengagement, constructs that proved to be crucial in distinguishing aggressive subjects from their targets and nonaggressive peers in traditional bullying, still represent, to some extent, an unexplored domain. The main purpose of the present exploratory study was to investigate the associations between cyberbullying and the mentioned constructs among Italian adolescents. 819 high-school students (mean age 16.08) were administered a battery of standardized tools, along with Cyberties, a new instrument created to assess the prevalence of (and the type of involvement in) different forms of electronic assaults. Analyses of variance were conducted to compare four roles ("pure" bullies, "pure" victims, bully victims, and noninvolved subjects). Participants who identified themselves as cyberbullies or cyberbully victims showed significantly higher levels of overall moral disengagement and of both types of aggression. Cyberbullies also displayed a lack of affective empathy. Our findings are in line with the ones in extant literature about correlates of traditional and electronic forms of bullying. Implications for prevention strategies are discussed.     

Deviant Peer Affiliation and Bullying Perpetration in Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Moral Disengagement and the Moderating Role of Moral Identity

Abstract

Based on the integration of the group socialization theory and the individual–context interaction model, we examined whether moral disengagement mediated the association between deviant peer affiliation and bullying perpetration and whether this mediation model was moderated by moral identity. A total of 438 adolescents participated in the current study. They completed measures regarding deviant peer affiliation, bullying perpetration, moral disengagement, and moral identity. Deviant peer affiliation positively predicted adolescents’ bullying perpetration at six months later and this relationship was partially mediated by moral disengagement. Moral identity did not moderate the direct relationship between deviant peer affiliation and adolescents’ bullying perpetration. Moral identity moderated the relationship between moral disengagement and adolescents’ bullying perpetration and in turn moderated the indirect relationship between deviant peer affiliation and bullying perpetration. Specifically, the relationship between moral disengagement and bullying perpetration and the indirect relationship between deviant peer affiliation and bullying perpetration via moral disengagement both became nonsignificant for adolescents with high moral identity.     

网络欺负中的旁观者行为

网络欺负中的旁观者是指“目击网络欺负事件的个体”。旁观者目击欺负后的行为反应可以分为：亲社会行为和反社会行为。影响旁观者行为的因素有旁观者的个人特质(冲动性、外向性和开放性)、旁观者的心理因素(同理心、自我效能感、社会支持和孤独感)、受欺负个体的自我表露程度和生态环境中的关系等。旁观者效应、道德脱离和旁观者干预模型可以对旁观者目击网络欺负事件后的反应进行解释。未来可以从具身认知、脑神经机制、跨文化和网络环境塑造等方面作出进一步探索。     

线下受害者到线上欺负者的转化:道德推脱的中介作用及高自尊对此效应的加强

随着网络使用的普及,网络欺负日益成为普遍的社会公共问题,尤其在青少年群体中易引发广泛的危害。研究聚焦于被欺负者和欺负者潜在转换的视角,考察有过线下被欺负经历的个体是否实施网络欺负的可能性更高,且是否是道德推脱在其中起中介作用,而此作用还会受到高自尊的增强。以中学生为对象,间隔六个月时间,在时间1测量了线下受欺负情况、道德推脱和自尊,在时间2测量了在网络上欺负他人的情况。结果发现,在控制了性别、年级、社会赞许性之后,线下受欺负程度可以显著正向预测网络欺负的程度,且道德推脱在其中起到正向的中介作用。此外,这一中介作用还受到自尊的调节,随着自尊的增强,在线下越受欺负的青少年就越会通过道德推脱合理化其攻击行为,从而在网上做出更多对于他人的欺负行为。     

Affective Empathy and Moral Disengagement Related to Late Adolescent Bullying Perpetration

Bullying has damaging short-term and long-term consequences. Research suggests that perpetrators have low empathy and high moral disengagement, but relations between these variables are unclear and are rarely integrated in a single study. Thus, the objective of this study was to discover if empathy and moral disengagement mechanisms were related to bullying perpetration. This study was conducted with 904 Polish adolescents enrolled in 6 rural and urban upper secondary schools. High affective empathy predicted lower bullying perpetration. Moral-disengagement mechanisms such as moral justification, euphemistic language, advanced comparison, and distorting consequences were uniquely related to increased bullying perpetration. Low affective empathy was also uniquely related to increased perpetration. These findings have important implication for school policy and practice.     

Tempted to join in or not? Moral temptation and self-reported behaviour in bullying situations

We investigate the relationship between adolescents’ construction of a transgression relating to a hypothetical temptation and bystander behaviour and bullying (offline and online). A total of 331 Swiss eighth graders completed an electronic questionnaire on bystanding, bullying, moral disengagement, and empathy. Moral functioning was assessed in a hypothetical scenario, using different moral judgements (deontic and self-judgement, judging the transgression; paper-and-pencil measure). Cluster analyses were used to identify patterns of moral functioning. For the open situation (deontic and self-judgement), happy transgressors, happy moralists, ashamed moralists, and indifferent moralists were differentiated, and for the transgression (accomplished deed) moralists and happy opportunists. The analyses yielded significant differences between the different cluster groups. Happy transgressors (open situation) reported higher levels of assisting the bullying than unconcerned moralists. Happy transgressors also reported lower levels of helping than ashamed and happy moralists. Opportunists (accomplished deed) reported higher levels of assisting the bullying, offline bullying, and lower levels of helping the victim. The multivariate GEE analyses showed that happy transgressors reported higher levels of assisting the bully and online bullying than the moralist groups (open situation). The study shows that adolescents who construct a favourable interpretation of yielding to temptation in a hypothetical scenario displayed higher levels of both assisting the bully and online bullying, emphasizing the need for incorporating targeted moral education in bullying prevention.