参照系冲突条件下心理旋转的角色效应

以实物场景为学习材料,探索实际的自我参照系与想象自我或他人的参照系冲突对角色效应的影响。结果发现:(1)进行旋转之前参照系冲突存在与否,均产生了心理旋转的角色效应。(2)通过操纵两种不同方式的参照系冲突,均导致心理旋转的角色效应显著下降。(3)两种不同的参照系冲突对心理旋转角色效应的影响不同。这些结果表明参照系冲突可能是影响心理旋转角色效应的一个主要因素,并进一步扩展了Presson等提出的空间参照系冲突模型。     

身体转向模式对方位效应和相对位置效应的影响

在阅读故事而产生的想象场景中,观察者身体的物理转向（ｐｈｙｓｉｃａｌｒｏｔａｔｉｏｎ）模式或想象身体转向（ｉｍａｇｉｎｅｄｒｏｔａｔｉｏｎ）模式对物体搜索方位效应和相对位置效应产生影响。结果发现：方位效应独立于身体转向模式,说明对空间关系的理解是以想象自我（ｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｅｄｓｅｌｆ）为参照系的。相对位置效应独立于身体转向模式,说明物体间的拓扑结构导致了相对位置效应。     

视觉表象扫描的概念控制

将表象扫描和概念提示范式相结合, 在三个实验中通过考察概念控制下表象扫描加工中的参照系冲突效应以及概念参照系的优先性, 进而揭示表象扫描加工中的自上而下控制机制。结果发现：(1) 正立或旋转方位汉字提示下表象扫描加工中出现了参照轴效应, 箭头提示下不存在这种效应, 表明不同提示引发了不同空间关系计算过程; (2) 在表象扫描概念控制过程中, 概念参照系、环境(重力)参照系及提示汉字内在参照系同时被激活, 它们可能处于不同冲突状态, 解决这些冲突具有不同认知代价; (3) 在解决不同参照系冲突过程中, 反映自上而下加工的概念参照系总能通过抑制其它参照系而取得优先地位, 表明人的认知系统能够对表象加工进行自上而下的主动控制, 这种主动控制反映了一种执行功能。     

被试自身人手初始状态对心理旋转加工的影响：眼动研

利用眼动追踪技术,探讨在左右手判断任务条件下人手心理旋转加工是否受到被试自身人手初始状态的影响。两个实验的反应时数据和眼动数据均发现：（1）心理旋转加工受被试自身人手初始状态的影响,表现出一致性效应;（2）显著的内旋效应;（3）被试心理旋转加工时注视点取样存在着不均衡性。这些结果表明：在左右手判断任务中,心理旋转加工的对象是被试自身人手的表象,是自我参照的心理旋转,并且内旋效应是由被试对自身人手表象进行旋转时受到人手生理机制约束所致,而不是被试旋转刺激图片的表象由“生理机制约束知识”影响所致     

空间场景表征中的参照系选取

被试在矩形房间中从两个不同的观察点学习物体场景并在多个朝向上对物体形成的空间关系进行判断,通过控制场景中物体主要内在轴相对于环境结构（房间和地毯）的方向和被试的学习顺序,探讨被试在场景空间表征中采用何种参照系和参照系选取时的影响因素。两个实验结果发现：（1）内在参照系（intrinsic reference systems）和环境参照系均可以用于物体场景的表征,两类参照系之间的关系却是影响被试物体场景表征时参照系选取的重要因素,即当内在参照系与环境参照系方向一致时,被试无论从哪个朝向学习,都选择从垂直于内在参照系和环境参照系的朝向进行表征。反之,当二者方向不一致时,表征时参照系的选择取决于被试的学习经历;（2）无论内在参照系与环境参照系方向是否一致,物体场景本身内在结构的规则性都能够促进空间记忆,即内在结构的规则性既有助于准确编码物体的相对位置,也有助于提高空间关系判断的准确性。     

工作记忆更新任务中的认知优势效应

目的：采用N-back范式,探讨熟练双语者与非熟练双语者之间工作记忆更新能力的差异,以验证双语优势效应是否存在于工作记忆更新任务中。方法：采用数字型2-back任务,两因素混合实验设计。自变量分别为被试间变量(熟练双语者与非熟练双语者）和被试内变量（低难度任务组和高难度任务组）,因变量为2-back任务中目标刺激、非目标刺激、诱惑刺激和非诱惑刺激的准确率和反应时。结果：熟练双语者与非熟练双语者在低难度的2-back任务（一般的2-back任务）中,目标刺激和非目标刺激的准确率和反应时上没有差异;在高难度任务组（有冲突的2-back任务）中,熟练双语者在非目标刺激、诱惑刺激和非诱惑刺激的准确率显著高于非熟练双语者。结论：工作记忆更新中的“双语优势效应”更容易体现在高执行功能需求的条件下。     

表象旋转加工子系统特性的初步研究

通过两个实验分别检测２０名飞行员和１０名老年被试及其相应控制组的表象旋转加工水平,旨在探讨表象旋转这一典型视觉空间认知加工中各子系统所表现出的可塑性和稳定性问题。研究结果表明,在参与表象旋转的三个主要加工子系统中,负责表象转换的子系统既可随系统训练而表现出功能增强的练习效应,也可随年老过程而发生功能衰减的年龄效应。相对而言,形状识别和确认两上子系统则受练习和年老因素影响较小。本研究提示,由于受大脑     

三维场景中内隐记忆的空间更新

空间更新效应是指个体在三维空间中移动时,对周围物体与自身位置之间相对关系进行的自动更新。本研究以背景线索效应为例,考察三维空间中的内隐空间记忆是否存在空间更新。实验采用2(观察者移动与否)×2(场景旋转与否)的被试间设计,探究学习阶段的背景线索效应在不同的实验条件下能否迁移到测试阶段。结果发现:观察者移动组、控制组效应能够迁移,场景旋转组、场景旋转且观察者移动组效应不能迁移。结果证明,三维场景的内隐记忆中也存在空间更新。     

视觉和言语空间信息共同作用下SNARC效应的空间参照特点

已有研究显示,SNARC效应存在多个灵活的空间参照系统,可在不同的实验条件下激活。心理数字线理论对于SNARC效应空间编码的理解仅局限于物理空间层面,并不能很好地甄别SNARC效应空间参照系统的激活条件。研究以视觉空间和言语空间双编码理论为基础,考查在视觉空间信息与言语空间信息共同作用下,单手（左手或右手）与双手反应下SNARC效应的空间参照特点。结果显示,在视觉空间信息与言语空间信息共同作用下,左手、右手和双手反应下均出现了典型SNARC效应,且左手、右手和双手反应下的数字空间映射模式相似。研究结果证实,在视觉-空间与言语空间信息共同作用下仅激活SNARC效应多个灵活的空间参照系统中的身体中心为基础的参照系统,说明言语空间信息的参与有助于激活该效应中身体中心为基础的空间参照系统。     

被试自身人手初始状态对心理旋转加工的影响:眼动研究

利用眼动追踪技术,探讨在左右手判断任务条件下人手心理旋转加工是否受到被试自身人手初始状态的影响.两个实验的反应时数据和眼动数据均发现:(1)心理旋转加工受被试自身人手初始状态的影响,表现出一致性效应;(2)显著的内旋效应;(3)被试心理旋转加工时注视点取样存在着不均衡性.这些结果表明:在左右手判断任务中,心理旋转加工的对象是被试自身人手的表象,是自我参照的心理旋转,并且内旋效应是由被试对自身人手表象进行旋转时受到人手生理机制约束所致,而不是被试旋转刺激图片的表象由"生理机制约束知识"影响所致.     

Must egocentric and environmental frames of reference be aligned to produce spatial S-R compatibility effects?

Four experiments were conducted to determine the effects of misaligning egocentric and environmental frames of reference on spatial S-R compatibility effects. In Experiments 1 and 3, subjects looked at two lights that were aligned horizontally, one each on either side of the body midline. They held their head upright or tilted 90 degrees to the left or right. In the upright condition the hands were uncrossed and rested opposite the lights (frames of reference aligned), whereas in the head tilt condition the hands were either crossed or uncrossed but positioned perpendicular to the lights (frames of reference not aligned). Manual choice reaction times to the lights produced spatial S-R compatibility effects that were as large when the frames of reference were aligned as when they were not. In Experiments 2 and 4, which also used upright and tilted conditions, we found generally similar results when the lights were displayed vertically and the hands disposed horizontally. The results indicate that under conditions of head rotation and with stimulus and response arrays perpendicular to each other, spatial S-R compatibility effects still occur. By taking into account both frames of reference, the subject classifies the stimuli as left or right whether they are horizontally or vertically disposed and maps them onto the responding hand, thereby producing the observed compatibility effects.     

Continuous visual cues trigger automatic spatial target updating in dynamic scenes

Dynamic tasks often require fast adaptations to new viewpoints. It has been shown that automatic spatial updating is triggered by proprioceptive motion cues. Here, we demonstrate that purely visual cues are sufficient to trigger automatic updating. In five experiments, we examined spatial updating in a dynamic attention task in which participants had to track three objects across scene rotations that occurred while the objects were temporarily invisible. The objects moved on a floor plane acting as a reference frame and unpredictably either were relocated when reference frame rotations occurred or remained in place. Although participants were aware of this dissociation they were unable to ignore continuous visual cues about scene rotations (Experiments 1a and 1b). This even held when common rotations of floor plane and objects were less likely than a dissociated rotation (Experiments 2a and 2b). However, identifying only the spatial reference direction was not sufficient to trigger updating (Experiment 3). Thus we conclude that automatic spatial target updating occurs with pure visual information.     

Theories of spatial representations and reference frames: What can configuration errors tell us?

The issue of reference frame is central to theories of spatial representations. Various classifications have been made for different types of reference frames, along with prototypical research paradigms to distinguish between them. This article focuses on the configuration error paradigm proposed by Wang and Spelke (Cognition 77:215-250, 2000) that has been used to examine the nature of the spatial representations underlying object localization during self-movement. Three basic models of spatial memory and spatial updating are discussed, as well as the assumptions behind the configuration error paradigm, to distinguish between static representations, such as the traditional allocentric cognitive map and the egocentric snapshots, and dynamic representations, such as the egocentric updating system. Recent experimental findings are reexamined and shown to be consistent with multiple models, among which the egocentric-updating-and-reload model with an enduring egocentric component provides the simplest interpretations.     

The role of spatial memory and frames of reference in the precision of angular path integration

Angular path integration refers to the ability to maintain an estimate of self-location after a rotational displacement by integrating internally-generated (idiothetic) self-motion signals over time. Previous work has found that non-sensory inputs, namely spatial memory, can play a powerful role in angular path integration (Arthur et al., 2007, 2009). Here we investigated the conditions under which spatial memory facilitates angular path integration. We hypothesized that the benefit of spatial memory is particularly likely in spatial updating tasks in which one's self-location estimate is referenced to external space. To test this idea, we administered passive, non-visual body rotations (ranging 40°-140°) about the yaw axis and asked participants to use verbal reports or open-loop manual pointing to indicate the magnitude of the rotation. Prior to some trials, previews of the surrounding environment were given. We found that when participants adopted an egocentric frame of reference, the previously-observed benefit of previews on within-subject response precision was not manifested, regardless of whether remembered spatial frameworks were derived from vision or spatial language. We conclude that the powerful effect of spatial memory is dependent on one's frame of reference during self-motion updating.     

Thinking outside the body: an advantage for spatial updating during imagined versus physical self-rotation

Three studies examined effects of different response measures on spatial updating during self-rotation. In Experiment 1, participants located objects in an array with a pointer after physical self-rotation, imagined self-rotation, and a rotation condition in which they ignored superfluous sensorimotor signals. In line with previous research, updating performance was found to be superior in the physical self-rotation condition compared with the other 2. In Experiment 2, participants performed in identical rotation movement conditions but located objects by verbal labeling rather than pointing. Within the verbal modality, an advantage for updating during imagined self-rotation was found. In Experiment 3, participants performed physical and imagined self-rotations only and used a pointing response offset from their physical reference frames. Performance was again superior during imagined self-rotations. The results suggest that it is not language processing per se that improves updating performance but rather a general reduction of the conflict between physical and projected egocentric reference frames.     

Development of egocentric and allocentric spatial representations from childhood to elderly age

Spatial reference frames are fundamental to represent the position of objects or places. Although research has reported changes in spatial memory abilities during childhood and elderly age, no study has assessed reference frames processing during the entire lifespan using the same task. Here, we aimed at providing some preliminary data on the capacity to process reference frames in 283 healthy participants from 6 to 89 years of age. A spatial memory task requiring egocentric/allocentric verbal judgments about objects in peri-/extrapersonal space was used. The main goals were: (1) tracing a baseline of the normal process of development of these spatial components; (2) clarifying if reference frames are differently vulnerable to age-related effects. Results showed a symmetry between children of 6–7 years and older people of 80–89 years who were slower and less accurate than all other age groups. As regards processing time, age had a strong effect on the allocentric component, especially in extrapersonal space, with a longer time in 6- to 7-year-old children and 80- to 89-year-old adults. The egocentric component looked less affected by aging. Regarding the level of spatial ability (accuracy), the allocentric ability appeared less sensitive to age-related variations, whereas the egocentric ability progressively improved from 8 years and declined from 60 years. The symmetry in processing time and level of spatial ability is discussed in relation to the development of executive functions and to the structural and functional changes due to incomplete maturation (in youngest children) and deterioration (in oldest adults) of underlying cerebral areas.     

Remembering the past and imagining the future: a neural model of spatial memory and imagery

The authors model the neural mechanisms underlying spatial cognition, integrating neuronal systems and behavioral data, and address the relationships between long-term memory, short-term memory, and imagery, and between egocentric and allocentric and visual and ideothetic representations. Long-term spatial memory is modeled as attractor dynamics within medial-temporal allocentric representations, and short-term memory is modeled as egocentric parietal representations driven by perception, retrieval, and imagery and modulated by directed attention. Both encoding and retrieval/imagery require translation between egocentric and allocentric representations, which are mediated by posterior parietal and retrosplenial areas and the use of head direction representations in Papez's circuit. Thus, the hippocampus effectively indexes information by real or imagined location, whereas Papez's circuit translates to imagery or from perception according to the direction of view. Modulation of this translation by motor efference allows spatial updating of representations, whereas prefrontal simulated motor efference allows mental exploration. The alternating temporal-parietal flows of information are organized by the theta rhythm. Simulations demonstrate the retrieval and updating of familiar spatial scenes, hemispatial neglect in memory, and the effects on hippocampal place cell firing of lesioned head direction representations and of conflicting visual and ideothetic inputs.     

Spatial updating relies on an egocentric representation of space: Effects of the number of objects

Models of spatial updating attempt to explain how representations of spatial relationships between the actor and objects in the environment change as the actor moves. In allocentric models, object locations are encoded in an external reference frame, and only the actor’s position and orientation in that reference frame need to be updated. Thus, spatial updating should be independent of the number of objects in the environment (set size). In egocentric updating models, object locations are encoded relative to the actor, so the location of each object relative to the actor must be updated as the actor moves. Thus, spatial updating efficiency should depend on set size. We examined which model better accounts for human spatial updating by having people reconstruct the locations of varying numbers of virtual objects either from the original study position or from a changed viewing position. In consistency with the egocentric updating model, object localization following a viewpoint change was affected by the number of objects in the environment.     

空间相对位置效应的时间特征

用方位箭头作探测刺激,研究故事阅读产生的想象空间中物体搜索任务的反应时模式。结果发现：(1)方位箭头的指向对物体搜索有影响,反应时模式为：左=右=前＜后,说明方位箭头作探测刺激时的物体搜索过程不涉及人一物空间关系的转换;(2)目标物体与注意物体的相对位置对物体搜索有影响,反应时模式为注意点＜注意点对面＜注意点左侧=注意点右侧,说明相对位置效应与人物空间关系的转换无关。本研究结果支持了两阶段理论。