催眠治疗的辩证法问题

在运用催眠治疗成功的病例中 ,都有一个从健康———心理障碍 (或疾病 )———健康的发展过程 ,其中 ,心理障碍 (或疾病 )是对健康的否定 ,后一个健康又是对心理障碍 (或疾病 )的否定。整个过程反映了否定之否定规律的作用 ,反映了患者在“自己发展自己 ,自己完善自己。”1　催眠治疗使患者“自己发展自己”催眠治疗是在良好医患关系的基础上 ,催眠师将患者引入催眠状态 ,并对其进行心理分析与治疗 ,了解其被遗忘的压抑很深的创伤性体验与致病的心理矛盾与冲突。鼓励其发泄隐痛 ,讲清楚苦恼的内心感受 ,通过暗示方法 ,教育患者正确对待自己…     

催眠的本质及定义

催眠是一个复杂的现象.是很多心理过程的结合.从催眠的过程和外在表现来定叉催眠易造成混乱.从与催眠最相关的暗示、恍惚状态和催眠引导三个方面来阐述催眠的本质及其定义.最后对催眠的定义提出了一些建议.     

催眠心理疗法在心理咨询和治疗中的应用

催眠心理疗法已经成为一种重要的心理疗法,被越来越多的专业人员所青睐;现在倾向用生理心理整体结构理论来解释其实质;其生理和心理机制是一种“感应”中的暗示作用;使用催眠心理法应该遵守一定的原则;其技术构成非常严格,必须专业人员结合其它疗法来使用。     

从催眠面谈到认知面谈——国外法律面谈技术的发展

人们一直深信催眠能够促进人的回忆。在国外,催眠技术已经在司法调查中被用于促进目击证人对目击情境的回忆。然而,实验研究却发现,催眠在促进证人回忆的同时,回忆信息的准确性降低,而且证人对错误信息的自信程度增加了。这一方面是催眠过程中催眠者对证人进行暗示的结果,另一方面是由于事后信息的误导,这些问题限制了“催眠面谈”在实际中的应用。事实上,与一般的警察面谈形式相比,催眠面谈中许多与催眠相关的因素,看似与催眠引导无关,但对回忆却产生了促进作用。比如,由于面谈中引入了心理的、临床的以及人际的技巧。催眠面谈往往比警察面谈更有效。“认知面谈”正是综合了这些因素而形成的一种新的面谈技术。可靠证据表明,该技术可以提高将近35％的回忆率,而且不会象催眠面谈那样产生记忆歪曲现象。     

注意策略指导语对催眠和清醒状态下的Stroop效应的影响

本实验是研究在提供恰当的集中注意的反应策略暗示指导语情况下,高催眠感受性被试和低催眠感受性被试在清醒和催眠两种不同的意识状态下的Ｓｔｒｏｏｐ干扰效应．实验的主要目的是了解在主试提供恰当的注意反应策略时,催眠可否减小Ｓｔｒｏｏｐ干扰？在此情况下不同催眠感受性被试的Ｓｔｒｏｏｐ效应有何差别？结果表明在这种情况下,催眠将明显降低高催眠感受性被试的Ｓｔｒｏｏｐ干扰效应。     

一例有自杀倾向大学生的心理咨询报告

一名重点大学大三学生因身体原因引起抑郁症状,并出现明显自杀倾向。在配合医院药物的治疗下,通过积极心理暗示强大来访者的自我,并采用意向对话和催眠的治疗方法取得了良好效果。     

3～5岁幼儿暗示感受性与压力的关系:抑制性控制的调节效应

本研究在已有研究的基础上进一步探讨认知因素与外源性因素对儿童暗示感受性的交互作用。文章通过在访谈过程中设置不同水平的压力反馈,选用自编的儿童视觉暗示感受性测试材料及一系列抑制性控制实验任务,考查了儿童抑制性控制对压力和暗示感受性关系的调节作用。结果表明:(1)3～5岁幼儿的暗示感受性随着年龄的增长显著降低。(2)压力影响3～5岁幼儿的暗示感受性水平,压力越大,儿童的暗示感受性越强。(3)抑制性控制对压力与暗示感受性的关系具有显著的调节作用,压力对暗示感受性的影响会随着幼儿抑制性控制水平的提高而不断减弱。对于抑制性控制水平低的儿童来说,压力能正向预测其暗示感受性;但对于抑制性控制水平高的儿童来说,压力并不能显著预测其暗示感受性。     

现代催眠理论综述

本简要介绍了现代催眠理论的形成，描述了催眠状态下出现的催眠行为，阐述了七种流行的催眠理论，为人们正确地认识催眠现象，进行催眠理论研究和临床工作提供参考。     

简易自我放松催眠对学习疲劳的缓解作用

以简化的自生训练为基础,并整合进传统催眠和NLP经验擎技术的有效成分,编制易于学生自我操作,并能在课间或课后短时间内完成的,有利于心理放松的简易自我放松催眠方法,检验其对中学生学习疲劳的缓解作用.以382名高中生为对象,采用实验组对照组前测后测设计,以韦克斯勒成人智力测验中的译码分测验作为缓解学习疲劳、恢复认知水平的指标.结果表明,译码测验成绩实验组优于对照组,且差异显著;实验组后测成绩优于前测成绩,差异也很显著,说明简易自我放松催眠可以有效缓解学习疲劳,并能在一定程度上恢复认知水平.     

催眠理论探新

1　引言个体差异是催眠领域的核心特征之一 (Ｋｉｒｓｃｈ＆Ｌｙｎｎ ,1 998)。催眠个体差异的决定因素可能因暗示语性质不同而不同 (Ｗｏｏｄｙ等人 ,1 997) ;催眠感受性的个体差异可能是类型上的而不是维度上的 (Ｏａｋｍａｎ＆Ｗｏｏｄｙ ,1 996)。也就是说 ,在催眠感受性高的人和感受性低的人之间 ,有一些根本区别 ;另一个有关个体差异的研究 ,将催眠感受性高的人分为易产生幻觉与不易产生幻觉两类 ,功能性脑表象揭示出这两类人脑激活的模式有显著差别。这种差别不仅表现在幻觉这样的复杂情境中 ,也表现在简单情境中 ,因此催眠感受性高…     

Pain coping and social support as predictors of long-term functional disability and pain in early rheumatoid arthritis

Pain-related avoidance factors and social resources, as assessed by pain coping and social support, are supposed to have lasting effects on functional disability and pain in chronic pain disorders. As a follow-up to a prospective study demonstrating short-term effects after one year (Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 179-193, 1998), the role of pain coping and social support at the time of diagnosis was investigated in relationship to the long-term course of functional disability and pain after three and five years in 78 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), taking into account personality characteristics of neuroticism and extraversion, clinical status and use of medication. In line with findings at the one-year follow-up, results showed that more passive pain coping predicted functional disability at the three-year, but not the five-year follow-up. In addition, low levels of social support at the time of diagnosis consistently predicted both functional disability and pain at the three and five-year follow-ups. Results indicate that pain coping and social support, assessed very early in the disease process, can affect long-term functional disability and pain in RA, and suggest that early interventions focusing on pain-related avoidance factors and social resources for patients at risk may beneficially influence long-term outcomes in RA.     

Development and Validation of a Dutch Translation of the Big Five Inventory (BFI)

The MMPI profiles of 74 low back pain patients who had previously been classified as "functional," "organic," or "mixed" were sorted into six profile groups. The six profile groups were those used by Pichot, Perse, Lekeous, Dureau, Perez, and Rychewaert (1972); denial, "conversion V" without defensiveness, "conversion V" with defensiveness, depressed/anxious, psychotic and normal. Results indicate that all six profile types are welt represented in the low back pain group. Evidence is also presented which shows that each of the pathological MMPI profile types examined across "functional," "organic," and "mixed" classification is significantly more elevated than a normal profile group on two scales (Lb, DOR) designed to measure functional aspects of pain. Pathological MMPI profile groups did not differ significantly from each other on the "functional," pain scales. The data presented in this study point to the relationship of various forms of psychopathology with "functional pain." The findings of this stud v would not support a homogeneous "pain personality" for low back pain patients. However, combined "conversion V" profiles accounted for 58% of the "functional" group, 45% of the "mixed" group and 35% of the "organic" group.     

Personality organization as an aspect of back pain in a medical setting.

The MMPI profiles of 74 low back pain patients who had previously been classified as "functional,"organic," or "mixed" were sorted into six profile groups. The six profile groups were those used by Pichot, Perse, Lekous, Dureau, Perez, and Rychewaert (1972); denial, "conversion V" without defensiveness, "conversion V" with defensiveness, depressed/anxious, psychotic and normal. Results indicate that all six profile types are well represented in the low back pain group. Evidence is also presented which shows that each of the pathological MMPI profile types examined across "functional," "organic," and "mixed" classification is significantly more elevated than a normal profile group on two scales (Lb, DOR) designed to measure functional aspects of pain. Pathological MMPI profile groups did not differ significantly from each other on the "functional" pain scales. The data presented in this study point to the relationship of various forms of psychopathology with "functional pain." The findings of this study would not support a homogeneous "pain personality" for low back pain patients. However, combined "conversion V" profiles accounted for 58% of the "functional" group, 45% of the "mixed" group and 35% of the "organic" group.     

The MMPI in evaluation of functional versus organic low back pain

This paper reviews the research literature on MMPI assessment of functional versus organic low back pain (LBP). Research is described in three categories: (a) the relationship between psychopathology as measured by the MMPI and low back pain, (b) MMPI speciality scales, and (c) surgical outcomes. Research, to date, has suffered from methodological problems which has limited generalizations to clinical population. It is suggested, however, that the MMPI can be effectively used with LBP patients, but should not be the only data used in such assessments. Cautions are noted regarding use of the speciality scales.     

The effect of thalamic stimulation in processing of verbal stimuli in dichotic listening tasks: a case study

In dichotic listening tasks, the (dominant) right ear's superiority in processing verbal stimuli has been attributed to its direct anatomic connection with the left dominant hemisphere. The role played by extralinguistic factors, such as attention and functional tuning of the associated cortical structures, has not been carefully examined. This investigation was undertaken to evaluate the effects of the left thalamic electric stimulation on the processing (recognition and recall) of dichotically presented CVC verbal stimuli in a patient being treated for chronic pain. We report the positive effects of electric stimulation (confirmed by increased subcortical metabolic activity using SPECT, a brain imaging technique) on the processing of dichotically presented verbal stimuli.     

Discrepancy between radiographic damage and functional disability in elderly people with osteoarthritis: the role of pain coping strategies

The aim of this study is twofold. First, to assess the level of agreement between radiographic damage and functional disability in older people with osteoarthritis. And second, to assess the role of coping skills and sensory pain parameters as sources of disagreement between these variables. To achieve this objective we assess, in a sample of 104 older people with osteoarthritis, the following variables: functional capacity, radiographic damage, pain coping strategies, pain intensity, pain frequency and pain duration. The results show a non-linear relationship between radiographic damage and functional disability, modified by the levels of the two variables. There was maximum agreement between low levels of radiographic damage and of functional impairment, whilst agreement decreased for moderate and high levels of radiographic damage. Certain coping strategies may help to explain this disparity.     

Social discounting of pain

Impatience can be formalized as a delay discount rate, describing how the subjective value of reward decreases as it is delayed. By analogy, selfishness can be formalized as a social discount rate, representing how the subjective value of rewarding another person decreases with increasing social distance. Delay and social discount rates for reward are correlated across individuals. However no previous work has examined whether this relationship also holds for aversive outcomes. Neither has previous work described a functional form for social discounting of pain in humans. This is a pertinent question, since preferences over aversive outcomes formally diverge from those for reward. We addressed this issue in an experiment in which healthy adult participants (N = 67) chose the timing and intensity of hypothetical pain for themselves and others. In keeping with previous studies, participants showed a strong preference for immediate over delayed pain. Participants showed greater concern for pain in close others than for their own pain, though this hyperaltruism was steeply discounted with increasing social distance. Impatience for pain and social discounting of pain were weakly correlated across individuals. Our results extend a link between impatience and selfishness to the aversive domain.     

Coping Styles,Pain Expressiveness,and Implicit Theories of Chronic Pain

Whereas some individuals use active coping strategies and are able to adaptively cope with their pain, others use passive strategies and catastrophic appraisals, which are often associated with increased displays of pain behavior and negative pain-related outcomes. To investigate attribution-based implicit theories as a potential underlying mechanism that might affect coping success, we hypothesized that pain patients with an incremental implicit theory of pain (i.e., view pain as malleable) would have more active coping strategies, lower levels of pain expressiveness, and better pain-related outcomes than those with an entity implicit theory of pain (i.e., view pain as nonmalleable). Patients with chronic back pain undergoing a functional assessment completed a variety of self-report measures and participated in a pain-inducing physiotherapy procedure. The results revealed those with an incremental theory of pain used more active coping strategies, displayed less pain behavior, and reported better pain-related outcomes (e.g., lower levels of depression) than individuals with an entity theory of pain. The findings suggest implicit theories of pain may represent an underlying social-cognitive mechanism linked to important coping, emotional, and expressive reactions to chronic pain. Identifying such a mechanism may provide valuable information for the assessment and treatment of chronic pain.     

Fibromyalgia in men and women: comparison of the main clinical symptoms

The prevalence of fibromyalgia (FM) in males is much lower than in women. Thus, current knowledge about the syndrome has been developed from research with women. The aim of the present study is to analyze whether FM manifestations differ as a function of sex. Two clinical groups with FM (21 males and 21 women) and a control group of healthy men (n= 21) participated in the study. Several aspects of pain, sleep, fatigue, psychopathology, emotional distress and functional impact of FM were evaluated with an algometer and questionnaires. The clinical groups showed a significantly greater impairment than the control group in all the self-report measures. However, the FM patients only showed significant differences in the sensibility threshold to the pain, which was lower in the women. In addition, the best predictor of the experience of pain in males was sleep quality, and in the women, catastrofying pain. Our results suggest that the most effective therapeutic strategies to control pain may be different for men and women.     

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Postamputation Chronic Pain: A Case Report

Limb amputation has a significant impact on an individual, not only physically but emotionally. Consequences of both traumatic and atraumatic amputations are vast and can result in functional disability, impaired emotional functioning, and changes in overall quality of life. These consequences may be further complicated by the development of chronic pain. Traditional management of postamputation chronic pain often involves invasive procedures and pharmacotherapy. While research notes behavioral interventions, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) as a viable treatment alternative for chronic pain, there is no literature supporting CBT for postamputation chronic pain. In this case report, we present a 63-year-old male lower limb amputee complicated with chronic pain who experienced pain reduction and improved quality of life following manualized treatment with CBT for chronic pain. Treatment took place over 12 sessions with fidelity (93%) being measured throughout to ensure accurate utilization of the treatment manual. As part of the treatment manual, self-report measures (Pain Rating Scale, Pain Catastrophizing Scale, Pain Outcomes Questionnaire, and subjective units of distress) were used throughout to track patient progress. All measures showed improvement with the biggest gains being seen in pain ratings and pain catastrophizing.