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精神分裂症动物模型的建立与发展,是当前探索精神分裂症的神经生物学和认知心理学机制的一个关键课题。在加工-保护理论的基础上所建立起来的感觉运动门控精神分裂症模型一直受到普遍的关注。然而,高级认知活动是如何对感觉门控进行调节的这一核心问题目前还有待进一步的解决。本综述围绕着这个核心问题,系统地解释为什么惊反射前脉冲抑制成为目前最为流行的一种精神分裂症的模型,并介绍恐惧情绪学习对感觉运动门控调节作用的最新研究成果,以及阐述这种自上而下的调节作用如何受到在早期发育阶段的社会隔离的影响 相似文献
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利用线索-靶子模式研究急性期精神分裂症返回抑制的时间进程.研究对象包括健康对照组、早期精神分裂症组和慢性精神分裂症组.结果表明:(1)健康志愿者和早期精神分裂症患者均有完好的返回抑制现象,而慢性精神分裂症患者存在返回抑制缺陷,返回抑制出现时间延迟,持续时间缩短.(2)精神分裂症的返回抑制缺陷与疾病慢性化指标(病程、既往发作次数和住院次数)之间存在相关性.结果支持早期精神分裂症和慢性精神分裂症在急性期存在不同的返回抑制特征,早期精神分裂症的返回抑制保存完好,而慢性精神分裂症的返回抑制存在缺陷;精神分裂症返回抑制缺陷可能发生发展于疾病的慢性过程中,而不是发生于疾病初期;精神分裂症的注意缺陷是独立的缺陷症状. 相似文献
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探究正念训练对康复期精神分裂症患者正念觉知水平和抑制控制能力的影响。选取54名康复期精神分裂症住院患者随机分为正念组和对照组。对照组予以常规康复治疗,正念组在常规康复治疗基础上进行8周正念训练。结果发现:(1)在正念觉知方面,正念组后测得分显著高于前测,对照组前后测得分无显著差异;正念组后测得分显著高于对照组。(2)在抑制控制方面,正念组后测Stroop任务反应时显著低于前测,对照组前后测反应时无显著差异;正念组后测反应时显著低于对照组。结果表明,正念训练有助于提高康复期精神分裂症患者正念觉知水平和改善其抑制控制能力。 相似文献
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精神分裂症是一组病因未明的重性精神障碍,其病理生理学机制极其复杂,建立能够确切模拟精神分裂症的动物模型对于其发病机制的研究及抗精神分裂症药物的研发具有十分重要的意义。本文意在介绍产前母体免疫刺激(聚肌胞苷酸聚肌苷酸-聚胞苷酸,poly-I:C)诱导子代出现精神分裂症样的神经发育动物模型,以及该模型对精神分裂症的病因研究、生物学机制及其治疗和药物研发的重要意义。 相似文献
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注意缺陷多动障碍(attentiondeficit/hyperactivitydisorder,ADHD)行为控制不足与决策冲动密切相关,后者受内侧前额皮层(medial prefrontal cortex, mPFC)与伏隔核(nucleus accumbens, NAc)调节。为调查ADHD决策冲动与m PFC-NAc间功能耦合的关系,研究采用ADHD模型SHR (spontaneously hypertensive rat, SHR)大鼠,结合延迟折扣任务和在体电生理,研究发现,与对照Wistar (WIS)大鼠相比, SHR大鼠对延迟大奖赏的选择百分比降低; WIS大鼠m PFC-NAc的Theta频段相干值表现为延迟选择时显著大于立即选择时、首次选择时大于连续选择时、转换试次时大于连续试次时,而SHR大鼠在上述条件均低于WIS大鼠。回归分析发现m PFC-NAc的相干差值与延迟大奖赏选择率显著正相关。结果表明m PFC-NAc间功能联系减弱是ADHD决策冲动缺陷的重要环路基础,该缺陷与其深度信息加工以及策略转换能力受损有关,扩展了ADHD决策冲动的认知和神经机制的认识。 相似文献
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全世界约有1%的人患有精神分裂症,对患者及其家人造成了严重负担.由于此病影响因素很多,精神分裂症研究进展所取得的进步有限.精神分裂症产生的物质基础在脑,神经影像技术的进步为我们直接研究此病活体脑部结构及功能提供了良好的工具.本文主要从四个方面介绍了神经影像学在精神分裂症的研究及所贯彻的哲学思想. 相似文献
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全世界约有1%的人患有精神分裂症,对患者及其家人造成了严重负担。由于此病影响因素很多,精神分裂症研究进展所取得的进步有限。精神分裂症产生的物质基础在脑,神经影像技术的进步为我们直接研究此病活体脑部结构及功能提供了良好的工具。本文主要从四个方面介绍了神经影像学在精神分裂症的研究及所贯彻的哲学思想。 相似文献
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实验采用条件性位置偏爱(CPP)模型考察中脑腹侧被盖区(VTA)和伏隔核壳区(NAcSh)内食欲素(orexin)在吗啡奖赏中的作用。Wistar大鼠分为盐水训练组和吗啡训练组。3轮吗啡(或盐水)匹配训练前,双侧VTA或NAcSh内给予OXR1拮抗剂SB334867(VTA: 0, 1, 5μg;NAcSh: 0, 1, 3μg);或2轮吗啡(或盐水)匹配训练前NAcSh内给予orexin A(0, 2, 4, 6μg),观察其对吗啡CPP建立的影响。结果表明,VTA内给予SB334867抑制吗啡CPP建立,并存在剂量效应关系;NAcSh内给予SB334867或orexin A均未影响吗啡CPP建立,而orexin A可增加吗啡处理大鼠的运动性。以上结果表明,VTA和NAcSh内的orexin在吗啡奖赏中扮演的角色不同,可能调控成瘾行为的不同成分 相似文献
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E. Coutureau R. Galani O. Gosselin M. Majchrzak G. Di Scala 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》1999,72(3):143-157
Latent inhibition (LI) is the deficit of conditioning resulting from repeated nonreinforced preexposure to a conditioned stimulus before its pairing with an unconditioned stimulus. There are cumulative data showing that large lesions of the hippocampal formation disrupt LI. However, the effects of selective lesions of the different components of the hippocampal formation have never been directly addressed in the same study and conditioning paradigm. The first experiment of the present study aimed at investigating the effects of excitotoxic lesions of the hippocampus, subiculum, or entorhinal cortex on LI in an "off-baseline"-conditioned emotional response procedure. Hippocampus or subiculum lesions had no effect on either LI or conditioning. In contrast, entorhinal cortex lesions disrupted LI without modifying conditioning. In Experiment 2, locomotor activity in a novel environment was assessed in the same rats. Whereas lesions of hippocampus increased locomotor activity, lesions of the subiculum or the entorhinal cortex were devoid of effect. Although both LI and habituation to novel environmental cues are thought to involve interactions between the hippocampal formation and the mesolimbic pathway, these results indicate a functional dissociation between the hippocampus and the entorhinal cortex. 相似文献
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如何描述发展趋势的差异:潜变量混合增长模型 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
在追踪研究中,研究者不仅关心某一特质随时间的发展趋势,而且关注个体之间发展趋势的差异及其存在差异的原因。在总体发展同质的情形下,多层线性模型和潜变量增长曲线模型为解决这一问题提供了切实有效的方法。但是如果所研究的总体本身不同质,就需要一种能够描述总体中不同质子总体的不同发展特点的方法。该文简要介绍了一种能够描述不同群体不同发展趋势特征的统计模型——潜变量混合增长模型,并通过一个实际例子介绍了这一方法的应用过程,同时说明了潜变量混合增长模型与多层线性模型和潜变量增长曲线模型之间的关系 相似文献
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R. E. Lubow Hedva Braunstein-Bercovitz Orit Blumenthal Oren Kaplan Paz Toren 《Child neuropsychology》2013,19(5):445-457
The research was designed to determine whether the purported hemispheric asymmetries that are associated with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affect performance on a selective attention visual search task, and whether any obtained asymmetry will be modulated by methylphenidate. Two groups of children (8–15 years) with ADHD, one with methylphenidate treatment (ADHD+) and one without (ADHD+), were compared to matched controls on a two-stage visual search task. The task assessed right–left visual field asymmetries and the effects of changing a previous distractor into a target. Such a procedure, related to latent inhibition (LI; poorer performance to a previously irrelevant stimulus than to a novel one), can provide evidence for dysfunctional processing of irrelevant stimuli. All three groups exhibited the LI effect. The ADHD group, however, exhibited less LI for left- than right-side targets, an effect absent in the control and ADHD+ groups, suggesting a lateralized attentional deficit for ADHD+ that was normalized by methylphenidate. 相似文献
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潜在增长模型已成为国外纵向研究的有力分析工具。通过对国外抑郁症状纵向研究及潜在增长模型应用研究的整理,发现患者抑郁症状的变化轨迹存在个体差异,但其中又存在相似特征,根据这些特征可以将抑郁症状的变化轨迹主要分为四种,早期症状快速减少、治疗期间症状缓慢平稳减少、早期症状减少后期出现反弹和症状未出现明显变化。通过总结该模型在抑郁症状研究领域的应用成果,了解抑郁症患者抑郁症状变化的情况,以期为我国相关研究的进一步开展提供新思路。
相似文献15.
Latent inhibition (LI) refers to findings of poorer learning with stimuli preexposed as irrelevant, compared to novel stimuli. In order to investigate the role of attention in traditional LI, two experiments with human subjects were conducted. Experiment 1 used a simplified visual-search design. As in previous studies, but now with a simpler design, there was a LI-like effect, thereby supporting the position that attentional learning to irrelevantly preexposed stimuli is reduced. Experiment 2 introduced conditions that were designed to exclude a potential contribution of novel popout to the visual-search LI-like effect. It was shown that the effect could be observed independently of contributions from novel popout. In addition, when participants were divided into good and poor attentional learners on the basis of visual-search LI scores, traditional rule-learning LI was established in good attentional learners, whereas it was absent in poor attentional learners. Together, these results indicate that visual-search procedures can be used to provide a measure for LI, and, as such, they support attention-based explanations of traditional LI. 相似文献
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因子混合模型(FMM)是考虑了群体潜在异质性后的因子分析模型,它将潜在类别分析(LCA)与传统的因子分析(FA)整合在同一框架内,既保留了两种分析技术的优点,同时又展现出独特优势。FMM的应用主要包括描述变量的潜在结构、对被试进行分组以及探测社会称许偏差等。我们建议分别采用FA、LCA与FMM三种模型拟合数据,参考拟合指数和模型可解释性选择最优模型。总结了FMM的分析步骤以及软件使用,并用于探讨大学生社会面子意识的测量模型。未来研究应关注FMM分析过程的简化,继续深化对拟合指数等方面的探讨。 相似文献
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The autoregressive latent trajectory (ALT) model synthesizes the autoregressive model and the latent growth curve model. The ALT model is flexible enough to produce a variety of discrepant model-implied change trajectories. While some researchers consider this a virtue, others have cautioned that this may confound interpretations of the model's parameters. In this article, we show that some—but not all—of these interpretational difficulties may be clarified mathematically and tested explicitly via likelihood ratio tests (LRTs) imposed on the initial conditions of the model. We show analytically the nested relations among three variants of the ALT model and the constraints needed to establish equivalences. A Monte Carlo simulation study indicated that LRTs, particularly when used in combination with information criterion measures, can allow researchers to test targeted hypotheses about the functional forms of the change process under study. We further demonstrate when and how such tests may justifiably be used to facilitate our understanding of the underlying process of change using a subsample (N = 3,995) of longitudinal family income data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. 相似文献
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潜在类别分析技术在心理学研究中的应用 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
潜在类别分析是通过对类别型的外显变量和潜在变量之间的关系建立统计模型,根据模型参数得到各种潜在类别的具体外在表现的潜在特征分类技术。该分析方法主要应用于心理行为特征的分类、控制认知心理实验中被试个体差异引起的系统误差、评价临床心理诊断的精确性,以及心理测验中的项目分析、信度分析、结构分析等。对此方法的优劣进行分析比较,表明:该方法可以与其他测量理论相结合进一步拓展其在心理测量中的应用,也可在纵向数据和多水平数据中应用。在应用中亦有提升方法技术的空间。 相似文献