《1844年经济学哲学手稿》伦理思想研究

《手稿》较之马克思的其它著作有较为丰富的伦理思想,但其仍不是一本伦理学专著。综观《手稿》,其伦理思想,似可包括如下几方面:一是劳动异化和共产主义理论的人本价值导向;二是人论思想,奠定了马克思主义伦理学的理论基础;三是关于经济伦理或对资产阶级经济伦理的批判;四是其它伦理学观点。     

马克思早期经济学哲学思想中的伦理探赜——基于《1844年经济学哲学手稿》文本的考察

马克思的伦理思想是其哲学思想的重要组成部分,它于19世纪40年代生发并展开,在早期政治经济学研究成果《1844年经济学哲学手稿》中已初现端倪。马克思在《1844年经济学哲学手稿》中对私有制关系形成的历史考察,重构了工人阶级与资本家阶级二元对立的社会结构,同时也确证了资本主义社会剥削性的伦理关系;在新的伦理关系中,马克思将“异化”作为其早期伦理思想的核心范畴,揭露了“异化”伪装下资本主义的“非人性”与“不自由”,同时反向暗含了对自由、尊严、剥削等伦理议题的思考;马克思站在无产阶级立场对共产主义展开本质追寻,开掘了无产阶级团结与联合的美德,提供了一套未来指向的道德方案。马克思早期经济学哲学思想中的伦理致思,不仅从实质上回应了马克思主义伦理学所面临的“存在论挑战”,而且也为马克思历史唯物主义框架下的道德合法性提供了价值辩护。     

早期马克思道德批判的元哲学叙事——基于《1844年经济学哲学手稿》的思考

早期马克思作为激进的人本主义者,对资本主义社会丑恶现象及其道德意识进行了多方面的道德批判.他主要以人的“类本质”假设、道德的“类生活”机制、道德与经济规律的关系论述为思想架构,对道德的理念、实践、法则做出了深刻的哲学分析和诠释,形成一系列睿智而独具学理建树的、关于道德的元哲学理念.它们既是生成唯物史观的思想元素,更是伦理学说的基本原则.     

人的自然主义与自然的人道主义的统——对马克思《1844年经济学哲学手稿》中关于生态环境思想的考察

从思想文化的角度去反思当今的生态环境问题,不能不涉及到马克思的生态环境思想,而这却是一个至今仍存在争议的问题。争议常常集中在以下二点：一是在马克思本人的思想中有没有生态环境保护的思想,这主要是国内议论的话题。在不少人看来,当今的生态环境问题的严重性是马克思没有想到的,不是他生活的时代的主题,马克思也从来没有将自己的著作中的某一部分冠以“生态”或“环境”等具体的标题,因此,往往容易使人们忽视甚至忽略了马克思思想中的生态环境思想。二是认为马克思主义与生     

试谈《1844年经济学哲学手稿》中的伦理思想

马克思的《1844年经济学哲学手稿》是一部在马克思主义形成阶段中占有重要地位的、内容十分丰富的著作,其中许多地方涉及到了伦理问题。本文拟对手稿的伦想思想做一粗浅的探讨。一、伦理学研究的崭新方向马克思主义以前的伦理学尽管有着种种的合理因素,但由于在研究方法上都不能自觉地把道德放在社会经济关系的基础上进行唯物辩证的考察,因而始终不能摆脱历史唯     

马克思《1844年经济学哲学手稿》中的异化劳动

《德法年鉴》中的马克思的文章证明,他把扬弃私有制和异化看成是“人类解放”的前提,同时也看成是“人类解放”的内容。虽然马克思还未弄清楚私有制和异化之间的相互来源关系,但他已经知道异化同私有制有关。这个结论表明,马克思已经从社会主义的立场出发批判过资产阶级政治经济学,并把生产资料私有制看成是人统治人的决定性的原因。 1932年,苏共中央马列主义研究院发表了马克思从英国和法国经济学家著作中所作的摘要。这些摘要以及用《经济学研究(摘要)》这一标题发表出来的马克思的批判性评论,首先包括已经提到的恩格斯那篇文章的大纲。马克思同意恩格斯的最重要的论点。他还强调指出,政治经济学是从承认私有制     

《1844年经济学哲学手稿》的辩证逻辑思想及其运用

列宁指出:虽说马克思没有遗留下‘逻辑’,但他遗留下《资本论》的逻辑。[1]正因如此,辩证逻辑在《资本论》中的运用为人所熟知,学界对此也有许多研究。相比之下,对马克思其他著作中辩证逻辑思想的研究就少得多了。实际上,从马克思研究政治经济学之始,就运用了辩证逻辑的方法,其     

上海市哲学学会举办《1844年经济学—哲学手稿》读书班

十月八日至十一月二十六日,上海市哲学学会举办了学习马克思《1844年经济学—哲学手稿》读书班,有四十多名会员参加。读书班请复旦大学哲学系薛维新同志领读,逐段逐句地讲解原著,以求掌握《手稿》一书的基本思想及其内部结构,弄清马克思的观点和费尔巴哈思想的原则区别和联     

异化与自由──《1844年经济学哲学手稿》研究

异化与自由──《１８４４年经济学哲学手稿》研究陈刚《１８４４年经济学哲学手稿》是马克思旅居巴黎时期的著作手稿。这时他的研究开始超出纯粹哲学思辨或宗教批判,转而关注更为现实的经济问题,关注在社会底层经济基础领域发生的事情,关注无产阶级的地位、状况与历史...     

《1844年经济学哲学手稿》发表65周年研讨会综述

《１８４４年经济学哲学手稿》发表６５周年研讨会综述曹立群（南京大学哲学系２１００９３）南京大学哲学系和江苏省哲学学会不久前在南京联合召开了纪念马克思《１８４４年经济学哲学手稿》（以下简称《手稿》）公开发表６５周年专题学术研讨会。与会学者以新发表的文本...     

玄远之幕的飘落——王弼《论语释疑》的命运

本文通过分析王弼《论语释疑》在中国思想史中的命运 ,探讨儒家经典被玄学所体现的道家思想解释时 ,其思想意义的被改变与被扩展 ;探讨这种改变及扩展给儒学发展带来的种种问题。     

Interpretation bias and depressive symptoms: The role of self-relevance

Cognitive theories of depression emphasize negatively biased interpretations as an important target of therapy. Much of the research on interpretation bias in depression has focused on selection, or deciding which of several interpretations is likely. However, depressive biases may also exist in the generation of possible interpretations, or the ability to think of positive alternatives. If biases exist for generation as well as selection, therapeutic techniques to encourage the generation of more positive interpretations would be warranted. Asking therapy clients to consider someone else in a similar situation is a commonly used therapy strategy but has not been sufficiently examined empirically. In the current studies, we examine interpretation generation and selection in dysphoric and nondysphoric individuals, and contrast interpretations made for the self to interpretations made for two types of “other.” Our studies reveal depressive biases in both interpretation generation and selection, and indicate that interpretation valence is highly sensitive to the type of other considered. All participants generated and selected significantly more positive interpretations for friends than for themselves, but generated significantly more negative interpretations for hypothetical others than for themselves. Our results suggest that encouraging dysphoric individuals to imagine others can be beneficial, but the type of “other” used is critically important, with instructions to consider a close friend most likely to be effective in decreasing negativity in interpretation.     

Meaning and Interpretation. II

The paper enriches the conceptual apparatus of the theory of meaning and denotation that was presented in Part I (Section 3). This part concentrates on the notion of interpretation, which is defined as an equivalence class of the relation possessing the same manner of interpreting types. In this part, some relations between meaning and interpretation, as well as one between denotation an interpretational denotation are established. In the theory of meaning and interpretation, the notion of language communication has been formally introduced and some conditions of correctness of communication have been formulated. Presented by Wojciech Buszkowski     

Interpretation and judgmental biases in social phobia

Previous research demonstrated that social phobia is characterized by content-specific interpretation and judgmental biases. The present study investigated whether this interpretation bias occurs not only in ambiguous, but also in positive and negative social events, and whether social phobic patients (SPs) are more characterized by a judgmental bias in costs than in probability. Besides, we argued that the judgmental bias observed in former studies could also be attributed to accurate estimations of SPs (of, for example, stuttering). Therefore, we assessed judgmental bias by the ratings of probability and costs of a negative evaluation (e.g. ‘people dislike me’) and not, as in previous studies, of negative social events (e.g. ‘stuttering’). SPs (n=228) and normal controls (n=33) were presented social and non-social events ranging from positive to profoundly negative. They ranked four different interpretations on likelihood to assess interpretation bias, and rated the profoundly negative interpretation on probability and cost to assess judgmental bias. SPs demonstrated content-specific interpretation and judgmental biases that also occurred in positive and negative social events. In contrast with expectations, SPs were characterized by a judgmental bias in both costs and probability.     

道德法律化正当性的法哲学分析

正如约翰.罗尔斯所言:法律与道德的主题提出了许多不同的问题,而道德的法律强制、法律制度的道德基础则是其中的重要问题。[1]在我国,表面上看道德法律化正当性的确证在学界的主流观点中已通论达识,好像无须多论,实则道德法律化的语义含义及其正当性理据,仍有细论之必要。一道德法律化疏正“道德法律化”的术语,尽管在学界及日常生活中是一个被普遍使用的概念,但其内涵仍需廓清。从目前学界流行的主要观点来看,基本是在立法的意义上,将道德法律化理解为把最基本的道德规则通过立法程序上升为法律制度。“道德法律化是国家的立法机关借助于一…     

Madness and Prophecy: Dreams,Texts, and the Power of Rabbinic Interpretation

To the rabbis, dreams were a serious theological challenge. While in the Hebrew Bible dreams could be prophetic and therefore a source of authority, rabbinic authority was based on textual interpretation rather than direct revelation. This article examines one rabbinic strategy for responding to this challenge: the Talmudic dream ritual of Berakhot 55b. Through this ritual the rabbis place the dreamer in the position of a supplicant. Dreaming becomes like an illness or curse rather than a revelation. Instead of telling the dream, the dreamer prays for its healing. This article argues that this ritual itself is a form of interpretation, both of the dreamer’s dream and of the biblical texts about dreaming, in which the biblical idea of revelation through dreams is retained but the dream itself is stripped of any specific prophetic meaning. Through the performative speech of this ritual the dreamer places the dangerous dream under the power of rabbinic authority.

冯友兰先生的《中国哲学史》:同情之了解与新儒学

冯友兰先生先以中国哲学史家名于世。两卷本《中国哲学史》是其成名的代表作。《中国哲学史》有很多特点,其中最主要的即是同情之了解与新儒学。同情之了解不仅是冯先生成功写作《中国哲学史》的原则和方法,而且也是我们今后弘扬中国优秀传统文化所不可或缺的原则与方法。冯先生后来又成了一位著名的新儒家。作为中国现代学术思潮中新儒家的一位典型代表,冯先生本人以及一般论者都公认为应以其贞元六书的新理学哲学体系为代表。文章赞同这个共识,但想补充一点,即广而言之,似乎也可以包括冯先生所著的两卷本《中国哲学史》在内。文章从其目录、内容、审查、批评、自觉与自白和贞元六书多方面进行了探索与论述。     

关于构建和谐社会思想的政治哲学解读

社会冲突理论是马克思主义社会理论中的重要内容,不过与此同时应当看到的是,由社会冲突理论所积极引发的马克思关于社会主义、共产主义的深入思考,最终不仅改变了资本主义与封建主义的政治发展进程,甚至可以说也改变了整个人类历史的政治发展进程,因此从根本上说它又可以称得上是一种具有极其深刻现实影响力的政治哲学思想.     

The effects of moral judgment and moral identity on moral behavior: an empirical examination of the moral individual

Recognizing limitations in classic cognitive moral development theory, several scholars have drawn from theories of identity to suggest that moral behavior results from both moral judgments and moral identity. The authors conducted 2 survey-based studies with more than 500 students and managers to test this argument. Results demonstrated that moral identity and moral judgments both independently influenced moral behavior. In addition, in situations in which social consensus regarding the moral behavior was not high, moral judgments and moral identity interacted to shape moral behavior. This interaction effect indicated that those who viewed themselves as moral individuals pursued the most extreme alternatives (e.g., never cheating, regularly cheating)--a finding that affirms the motivational power of a moral identity. The authors conclude by considering the implications of this research for both theory and practice.