临床决策中患者及其家属的地位与作用

医生、医院每天都在为患者做临床决策.而在各个决策中患者与家属应该处于什么地位的问题早有争论.除了疾病外患者性别、年龄、家庭、经济、社会地位的个体差异决定了医生决策的不同.患者要真正参与.就必须真正全面知情.关于患者参与多少的问题要因人而异,可能只是提出意愿,可能提出耗资的底线,可能权衡费效比,可能以生活质量为唯一原则.总之,临床决策中患者及其家属的地位因人而异.     

“共同决策”模式初探——以恶性肿瘤治疗为例

由患者、医生和家属共同参与的决策模式符合我国当前的文化特点和医疗需要,本文在此基础上,结合我国的医疗环境及访谈发现,以恶性肿瘤为例,尝试在三方决策主体之间划清一定的界限,以期各方既能履行各自的责任义务,又不会干涉他人的合理判断。医生既要为患者参与决策提供充分的专业指导,又要适当干预患者的不恰当决定;患者在积极表达个人意愿的同时不能干涉医生的专业建议;家属应根据患者的特点选择告知其病情的适当方式,并协助患者做出最佳治疗决策。患者参与决策的意愿及程度普遍不高,医生和家属应该鼓励和培养患者的自主性。     

恶性肿瘤最佳治疗决策的实证调查与伦理探讨

中国的恶性肿瘤治疗决策中往往会有家属的参与,对家属参与决策的道德辩护常常诉诸于后果论,假设家属的参与有利于实现患者的最佳利益,然而这一假设是否成立?笔者通过对北京市两所三甲医院的11组患者、家属和医生进行访谈,分别了解三方参与决策的方式、程度及考虑因素等。本文在三方观点对比分析基础上,结合最佳利益的伦理概念探讨恶性肿瘤的最佳治疗决策。结论是提高患者的自主性有利于形成最佳治疗方案,并实现其最佳利益,医生和家属应该鼓励患者积极参与决策。     

门诊会话中家属参与诊疗的作用研究

基于自然发生的医生-患者-家属互动的语料,使用会话分析和实证研究方法,对门诊会话中家属参与诊疗所采用的语言和话语策略及其社会语用功能进行了细致的分析,并从认知情态的视角加以阐释。研究发现,家属在诊疗过程中主要实现的功能有提供信息,分担责任;提出疑问,参与决策;提出话题,表示建议。这反映了医生-患者-家属基于对交际者认知状态以及认知地位的认识,实时监控并调整话语策略,来表达自己的认知立场,并对门诊交际和沟通提供一定的启示。     

癌症患者临床决策倾向性的研究

为了解癌症患者对医生、自己和家属意见的临床决策倾向性,采取问卷调查和半结构访谈相结合的方法,调查120例住院癌症患者的临床决策倾向性。结果显示,(1)生活习惯相关决策,实际和理想的患者自己倾向性构成比值最高,为40%和33%;求医行为方面家属最高,实际和理想均为50%;常规检查、总体治疗方案、手术、化疗和放疗相关决策方面均为医生最高,分别为100%、90%、100%、90%和100%;(2)癌症患者理想和实际的临床决策倾向性构成比值均无差异(P0.05),但访谈显示29.17%的患者认为目前决策状态不理想。提示:(1)癌症患者在不同方面的临床决策倾向性有所不同。(2)癌症患者对临床决策状态基本满意,但有患者希望医生参与沟通更多或自己参与更多。     

影响抗肿瘤治疗决策的相关因素

临床决策模式包括家长式决策、知情决策和共同决策,理想的模式应该是医患双方参与的共同决策模式。临床决策具有高度复杂性,受多种因素的影响,如个人性格、年龄、婚姻状态、文化程度、宗教信仰、价值取向、经济费用、医疗风险、病情程度、社会保险等。肿瘤科医生应该在可能的情况下,给患者提供最准确的、获益最大的治疗方案,充分告知患者及家属治疗利弊,和患者一起做出正确的临床抉择。     

癌症患者临床决策倾向性的研究

为了解癌症患者对医生、自己和家属意见的临床决策倾向性,采取问卷调查和半结构访谈相结合的方法,调查120例住院癌症患者的临床决策倾向性.结果显示,(1)生活习惯相关决策,实际和理想的患者自己倾向性构成比值最高,为40%和33%;求医行为方面家属最高.实际和理想均为50%;常规检查、总体治疗方案、手术、化疗和放疗相关决策方面均为医生最高,分别为100%、90%、100%、90%和100%;(2)癌症患者理想和实际的临床决策倾向性构成比值均无差异(P>0.05),但访谈显示29.17%的患者认为目前决策状态不理想.提示:(1)癌症患者在不同方面的临床决策倾向性有所不同.(2)癌症患者对临床决策状态基本满意,但有患者希望医生参与沟通更多或自己参与更多.     

基于患者视角的医疗决策模式及其影响因素研究

了解患者对医疗决策模式的选择倾向,探讨其影响因素及相关性。对广州地区六家医院的门诊和住院患者共450例进行问卷调查。结果,15.42%的患者倾向于积极决策,45.06%的患者倾向于共享决策,39.52%的患者倾向于消极决策,且大部分患者倾向于家属参与决策。年龄(OR=0.759,P=0.041)和学历(OR=0.699,P=0.019)对患者参与医疗决策意愿的影响具有统计学差异,年龄越大、学历越高的患者倾向于主动型决策。多数患者倾向于共享决策,共享决策有助于临床决策过程的改善。要积极发挥医生在患者参与决策中的重要作用,以及家属的"支持"与"矫正"功能。     

患者在医疗决策中的作用

医疗决策关系到患者的生命,生活质量和家庭的幸福。患者在其中的地位如何,患者应该参与到何种程度是每天临床都在进行和大家一直在讨论的问题。作者认为患者最好是把医疗决策交给医生,因为医患间的信息不平等。但同时医生应该具有临床经验,有正确的临床思维并充分考虑到患者的意愿。     

医生是否应该让患者参与医疗决策

美国法院要求医生在确定治疗方案时必须得到患者的知情同意。而近来伦理学家提出,尊重患者的自主权不仅要使其知情,还应让病人在医疗决策中发挥作用。然而有调查结果显示,事实上病人在参与医疗决策时起到的作用微乎其微。尽管医生也在为患者罗列出各种医疗方案,但多数医生并不希望由病人参与决策。而这些调查对为什么有时候病人不能充分参与医疗决策并未作出深入探讨,并忽视了对医生就病人参与医疗决策的认知分析。因此,笔者希望通过本次调查,在医生对患者参与医疗决策的态度、医生的态度如何影响病人以及临床医疗决策的构建等方面,做一次试…     

Late‐life Depression,Suicidal Ideation,and Attempted Suicide: The Role of Individual Differences in Maximizing,Regret, and Negative Decision Outcomes

Suicide rates are highest in adults of middle and older age. Research with psychiatric patients has shown that proneness to feel regret about past decisions can grow so intense that suicide becomes a tempting escape. Here, we examine the additional role of individual differences in maximizing, or the tendency to strive for the best decision, rather than one that is good enough. We provided individual‐difference measures of maximizing, regret proneness, and negative life decision outcomes (as reported on the Decision Outcome Inventory) to a nonpsychiatric control group, as well as three groups of psychiatric patients in treatment for suicide attempts, suicidal ideation, or non‐suicidal depression. We found that scores on the three individual‐difference measures were worse for psychiatric patients than for nonpsychiatric controls and were correlated to clinical assessments of depression, hopelessness, and suicidal ideation. More importantly, maximizing was associated with these clinical assessments, even after taking into account maximizers' worse life decision outcomes. Regret proneness significantly mediated those relationships, suggesting that maximizers could be at risk for clinical depression because of their proneness to regret. We discuss the theoretical relevance of our findings and their promise for clinical practice. Ultimately, late‐life depression and suicidal ideation may be treated with interventions that promote better decision making and regret regulation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Does young adults’ preferred role in decision making about health,money, and career depend on their advisors’ leadership skills?

Few empirical data exist on how decision making about health differs from that in other crucial life domains with less threatening consequences. To shed light on this issue we conducted a study with 175 young adults (average age 19 years). We presented the participants with scenarios involving advisors who provided assistance in making decisions about health, money, and career. For each scenario, participants were asked to what extent they wanted the advisor to exhibit several leadership styles and competencies and what role (active, collaborative, or passive) they preferred to play when making decisions. Results show that decision making about health is distinct from that in the other domains in three ways. First, most of the participants preferred to delegate decision making about their health to their physician, whereas they were willing to collaborate or play an active role in decision making about their career or money. Second, the competencies and leadership style preferred for the physician differed substantially from those desired for advisors in the other two domains: Participants expected physicians to show more transformational leadership—the style that is most effective in a wide range of environments—than those who provide advice about financial investments or career. Finally, participants’ willingness to share medical decision making with their physician was tied to how strongly they preferred that the physician shows an effective leadership style. In contrast, motivation to participate in decision making in the other domains was not related to preferences regarding advisors’ leadership style or competencies. Our results have implications for medical practice as they suggest that physicians are expected to have superior leadership skills compared to those who provide assistance in other important areas of life.     

急诊室濒死病人临床诊治决策的影响因素

正确、合理的临床决策为病人提供理想的诊疗方案。在急诊室濒死病人的诊治过程中,急诊医生应本着以人为本的原则,根据病情的轻重缓急,抓住重点进行紧急处理。其中,病人疾病的性质与预后、疾病严重程度、医生技术水平、医院护理水平、医院的医疗设备与管理水平、诊治费用、医患关系、家属对待诊治的态度、医德医风、政策法规等对医生的临床诊治决策均有不同程度的影响。     

Analysis of the decision-making process leading to appendectomy: a grounded theory study

The aim was to develop a theoretical understanding of the decision-making process leading to appendectomy. A qualitative interview study was performed in the grounded theory tradition using the constant comparative method to analyze data. The study setting was one county hospital and two local hospitals in Sweden, where 11 surgeons and 15 surgical nurses were interviewed. A model was developed which suggests that surgeons' decision making regarding appendectomy is formed by the interplay between their medical assessment of the patient's condition and a set of contextual characteristics. The latter consist of three interacting factors: (1) organizational conditions, (2) the professional actors' individual characteristics and interaction, and (3) the personal characteristics of the patient and his or her family or relatives. In case the outcome of medical assessment is ambiguous, the risk evaluation and final decision will be influenced by an interaction of the contextual characteristics. It was concluded that, compared to existing, rational models of decision making, the model presented identified potentially important contextual characteristics and an outline on when they come into play.     

Postdecision consolidation in a trend prediction task

To be able to learn from experience it is necessary to correctly apprehend experienced feedback and the situation in which it is provided. The results indicate how post-decision consolidation in complex domains may affect learning. The problem may be particularly pertinent in recurrent decision making where considerable risk is involved. The study explores the changes in aspect (signal) importance from pre- to postdiction as a function of outcome information. By postdiction we mean the remembering of an earlier prediction (cf. Hawkins & Hastie, 1990). Subjects were asked to decide on which of four alternative future price developments would follow a historical price trajectory for different commodities, and to rate the importance of each of the chosen alternative's corresponding aspects. The subjects revealed a bias in their support ratings of aspects--seeing support in aspects that traditionally (by themselves and in many contexts) would be seen as neutral or even counter-indicative of the alternative chosen. After an intermission, the subjects were also given information about what was indicated to be the actual development of the market. One group was told that their decisions were correct (irrespective of what the decisions were), another group that they were incorrect but close, a third group that they were incorrect by far, while a fourth group served as a control. Following this information the subjects were again asked to judge the importance of the aspects for their own prior decision on the most likely future development. The results indicated that outcome feed-back had an effect on post decision restructuring of facts. Subjects in the correct condition showed an average consolidation that increased the support, while the wrong conditions lead to negative consolidation (in retrospect indicating that they never found as much support for their decision in the past as they actually did). Thus, in a choice between consolidating their own initial prediction and the price trajectory they would have to live with, the decision makers consolidated the outcome. Therefore, the results of the study were related to the hindsight bias phenomenon (Fischhoff, 1975) and to Kahneman and Miller's (1986) mutability concept.     

Accounting and convincing: the effect of two types of justification on the decision process

The effect of two types of justification pressure on the decision process was investigated. Three groups of 15 subjects each had to choose the head of a corrective home for criminal adolescents out of six candidates, who were described on 16 attributes. Two groups worked under justification pressure: subjects in the Accounting group were informed that they had to explain their decision afterwards, subjects in the Convincing group that they had to convince the other members of the executive board to vote for their selected candidate. From the third group, no justification was requested. It was found that justification pressure leads to a distinct increase in the amount of utilized information and to a more elaborate choice process, while the global decision heuristics do not seem to change. The two justification groups did not differ in the amount of information utilized, but the Convincing group employed a more elaborate process. This result shows that justification pressure is one of the task characteristics affecting the decision process, and proves that a latent justification pressure as assumed in some decision theories does not have the same effect as an explicit one. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The bigram trough hypothesis and the syllable number effect in lexical decision

There has been an increasing volume of evidence supporting the role of the syllable in various word processing tasks. It has, however, been suggested that syllable effects may be caused by orthographic redundancy. In particular, it has been proposed that the presence of bigram troughs at syllable boundaries cause what are seen as syllable effects. We investigated the bigram trough hypothesis as an explanation of the number of syllables effect for lexical decision in five-letter words and nonwords from the British Lexicon Project. The number of syllables made a significant contribution to prediction of lexical decision times along with word frequency and orthographic similarity. The presence of a bigram trough did not. For nonwords, the number of syllables made a significant contribution to prediction of lexical decision times only for nonwords with relatively long decision times. The presence of a bigram trough made no contribution. The evidence presented suggests that the bigram trough cannot be an explanation of the syllable number effect in lexical decision. A comparison of the results from words and nonwords is interpreted as providing some support for dual-route models of reading.     

Achieving what cannot be done: coping with the time constants in a dynamic decision task by doing something else

This study examines how people handle the time constants in dynamic decision tasks, using a microworld called NEWFIRE which simulates forest fire fighting. The results showed that the participants did not adapt to the time constants, as shown by the fact that they did not discriminate between fires requiring different number of fire fighting units when varying the number of fire fighting units was a means of compensating for the time constants. If they were allowed to move units before the fire started their performance improved, suggesting that they could compensate for their problems with the time constants by restructuring the task in such a way that they did not need to consider them. It is suggested that such restructuring may well be how people handle dynamic tasks also in other circumstances, and that more effort should be put into studying what people actually do in dynamic tasks, rather than into only assessing whether or not they perform optimally.     

个体自信度对双人决策的影响

群体决策是重要的社会现象, 个体自信度在群体决策中发挥了重要作用。本文开展了不同难度和信息交流方式下的双人决策实验, 通过分析自信度和个体决策以及决策调整行为的关系, 研究了个体自信度的交流对双人决策的影响。实验结果表明, 个体的自信度与选择的正确率高度正相关; 双人决策过程是个体根据对方的自信度和选择来不断调整自己的选择最终达成一致的过程, 并通过交互过程提高双人决策的正确率; 实验中双人决策的质量明显优于“自信度分享模型”和“更自信者主导决策模型”的预期结果, 表明群体决策不是通过分享自信度进行的贝叶斯优化整合过程, 也不是由更自信的个体完全主导的过程。